Integrating farmers’ views, field soil erosion assessment, and pot experiments to evaluate different agroforestry systems in Timor-Leste

Abstract

Over 75% of subsistence farmers in rural Timor-Leste face challenges from unsustainable land use practices, particularly slash-and-burn farming on degraded steep slopes. These practices contribute to soil erosion, and poor crop yields, ultimately leading to land and environmental degradation and food insecurity. Recently, agroforestry projects have aimed to improve land productivity and farmers’ livelihoods, though their impact remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate these impacts through three research questions: (1) How do agroforestry interventions impact field crop performance and smallholder farmers’ livelihoods? (2) What is the extent of farmer adoption of these interventions? (3) What is the effect of agroforestry interventions on soil physical and chemical characteristics? The study was conducted at the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) project site at Saraida, Quelicai, Baucau municipality, during the rainy season from December 2021 to April 2022. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 35 farmers involved in the project, alongside field assessments of soil erosion and pot experiments. The results showed that most farmers reported improved production and outcomes from growing trees and would like to replicate agroforestry systems, suggesting adoption likelihood due to the multiple benefits of agroforestry, including soil improvement, animal feed, fuelwood provision, and environmental and biodiversity sustainability. Measurements of soil loss and plant productivity confirmed the positive impact of agroforestry, reducing soil erosion by nearly 15 times compared to traditional fallow systems and improving crop growth and yields in both fallow and slash-and-mulch systems. This study provides essential baseline data and guidance for future farmland management in Timor-Leste.