Intensification and enhancement of phenolic compounds extraction using cooperative formulation

Abstract

In this study, intensification of palm oil mill steriliser condensate as a potential secondary source of phenolic compounds (PCs) were investigated. Synergistic reactive extraction with cooperative formulation appeared as a promising approach for recovering PCs, offering several advantages such as high selectivity, simplicity, ease of scale-up, and efficiency. The organic phase was formulated using mixture of vegetable oils as a sustainable green diluent. The carrier was added into the organic phase to select the potential base and synergist carriers in order to improve the extraction performance of PCs. The complexes of carrier-PC was study for the recovery purpose. A synergist stripping agent was formulated using mixture of salt. The finding indicated that about 93.33% of PCs were successfully extracted with a synergistic coefficient (SC) value of 5.09 using 0.25 M Aliquat 336 and 2.0 mM D2EHPA diluted in mixed vegetable oils of sunflower and palm oil at a ratio of 60:40. Meanwhile, the recovery study demonstrated that 0.04 M Na₂CO₃/1.00 M NaOH was selected as the stripping performance was up to 99.99% with SC value of 2.13. Consequently, the synergistic formulation employed in reactive extraction process demonstrates potential for the recovery of PCs from palm oil mill steriliser condensate.