Nanomaterials-driven paper-based biosensors for food contaminants detection: Classification, mechanism and applications

Abstract

Large-scale diseases caused by food contaminants pose a severe threat to human health, underscoring the critical need for sensitive detection methods to ensure public health and safety. Conventional detection methods are often inadequate for on-site applications due to their complexity and time-consuming nature. This has created an urgent demand for detection approaches that are rapid, straightforward, and practical. Paper, ubiquitous in daily life, has gained prominence across various fields due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and high productivity. Its versatile properties make it widely applicable for diverse users. Traditionally used for writing, packaging, and printing, paper has recently been adapted as a platform for biosensors, known as paper-based biosensors. These biosensors have emerged as promising tools for detecting food contaminants, leveraging paper's inherent advantages. Paper-based biosensors are primarily categorized into three formats: dipstick tests, lateral flow devices (LFDs), and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Each format addresses specific detection requirements, offering flexibility for diverse applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the classification, mechanism, and applications of paper-based biosensors for food contaminant detection over the past five years. Additionally, it examines prospects and challenges, providing valuable guidance for advancing the development and application of these biosensors.