Information security and anti-counterfeiting technologies are essential for protecting financial systems, brand integrity, and national security. Conventional anti-counterfeiting approaches, often static and single-functional, are increasingly inadequate against evolving counterfeiting strategies. Lanthanide luminescent materials, owing to their unique 4f-4f electronic transitions, long-lived emission, high color purity, and exceptional responsiveness to external stimuli, have emerged as promising candidates. This review summarizes recent advances in lanthanide-based luminescent systems for anti-counterfeiting applications, emphasizing molecular design strategies and structural engineering to enhance luminescence efficiency, stability, and dynamic optical responses to light, temperature, mechanical forces, and chemical reagents. Representative material classes, including lanthanide metal-organic frameworks, polymers, hydrogels, doped inorganic nanomaterials, covalent and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, and scintillators, are highlighted. Furthermore, advanced encryption strategies such as time-gated luminescence, persistent phosphorescence, and multimode optical responses are discussed as pathways toward multi-level information protection. Finally, key challenges limiting practical implementation are outlined, and future research directions are proposed to improve the adaptability, efficiency, and scalability of these materials in next-generation information security technologies.
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