Advancements and challenges in vanadium extraction processes from vanadium titano-magnetite and its derivatives

Abstract

Vanadium is a strategically important metal, playing a critical role in modern industries due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Among the raw materials for vanadium extraction, vanadium titano-magnetite (VTM) commands a dominant position in global production. This review concisely outlines the fundamental information of key vanadium-bearing materials, including VTM, vanadium slag, and vanadium-bearing steel slag (VBSS), and conducts a comprehensive analysis of the extraction processes for vanadium from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Subsequently, a historical overview of vanadium extraction technologies from VTM, vanadium slag, and VBSS, detailing the evolution of three generations of industrial processes. In addition to focusing on the advancements and challenges associated with conventional methods such as sodium roasting and calcium roasting, the review also delves into the latest developments in emerging technologies including sub-molten salt extraction, acid leaching, alkali leaching, bioleaching process and multi-technology coupled vanadium leaching. This review aims to provide readers with a holistic understanding of current practices, build a systematic understanding of vanadium extraction processes, highlight key areas for future research, and offer valuable insights and guidance to industry stakeholders, with the goal of enhancing vanadium recovery efficiency and promoting environmental sustainability.