External validation of a machine learning based classification algorithm for ambulatory heart rhythm diagnostics in pericardioversion atrial fibrillation patients using smartphone photoplethysmography: the SMARTBEATS-ALGO study.

Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study was to perform an external validation of an automatic machine learning algorithm for heart rhythm diagnostics using smartphone photoplethysmography (PPG) recorded by patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) pericardioversion in an unsupervised ambulatory setting.

Methods and results: Patients undergoing cardioversion for AF or AFL performed 1-min heart rhythm recordings peri-cardioversion at least twice daily for 4-6 weeks, using an iPhone 7 smartphone running a PPG application (CORAI Heart Monitor) simultaneously with a single-lead ECG recording (KardiaMobile). The algorithm uses support vector machines (SVM) to classify heart rhythm from smartphone-PPG. The algorithm was trained on PPG recordings made by patients in a separate cardioversion cohort. Photoplethysmography recordings in the external validation cohort were analysed by the algorithm. Diagnostic performance was calculated by comparing the heart rhythm classification output to the diagnosis from the simultaneous ECG recordings (gold standard).In total 460 patients performed 34 097 simultaneous PPG and ECG recordings, divided into 180 patients with 16 092 recordings in the training cohort and 280 patients with 18 005 recordings in the external validation cohort. Algorithm classification of the PPG recordings in the external validation cohort diagnosed AF with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 99.7/99.7/99.7%, and AF/AFL with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 99.3/99.1/99.2%.

Conclusion: A machine learning based algorithm demonstrated excellent performance in diagnosing atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter from smartphone-PPG recordings in an unsupervised ambulatory setting, minimizing the need for manual review and ECG verification, in elderly cardioversion populations.