A novel fluorescent probe utilizing Michael addition for the rapid detection of sulfur dioxide derivatives in food

Abstract

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and its derivatives (SO₃²⁻/HSO₃⁻) are extensively utilized in food processing for their roles as bleaching agents, preservatives, and antimicrobials. Research has shown a strong association between high sulfur dioxide intake and various diseases. Consequently, developing rapid and accurate analytical techniques to monitor sulfur dioxide and its derivatives in food is of great value. This work designed a fluorescent probe ZR-I with a D-π-A structure using triphenylamine derivatives as electron donors. The probe ZR-I demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity towards SO₃²⁻/HSO₃⁻, along with strong anti-interference ability. The probe has effectively quantified SO₃²⁻/HSO₃⁻ in environmental and food samples, achieving a recovery rate of 97.65–104.15 %. Additionally, in situ tracking and imaging of SO₃²⁻/HSO₃⁻ in HepG2 cells and zebrafish were successfully achieved using ZR-I, which demonstrated high contrast and high sensitivity. To enhance the convenience and practicality of detection, a smartphone-based portable sensing platform has been developed, providing an efficient and practical tool for food safety assessment.