Valorization of cocoa bean shell residue from supercritical fluid extraction through hydrothermal carbonization for porous material production

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Journal of Supercritical Fluids Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI:10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106550

Ji Sun Lim , Seung Eun Lee , Bonggeun Shong , Young-Kwon Park , Hong-shik Lee

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Abstract

This study investigated the potential for high-value utilization of cocoa shell (CS) residues derived from supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) by converting them into hydrochar through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and activation (A-HTC). Hydrochar produced from residues extracted with water as a co-solvent exhibited the highest carbon content (78.7 %) after HTC and activation, highlighting the critical role of the co-solvent in optimizing dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions. Structural analysis revealed that residues rich in water-soluble components formed smaller pores, whereas lipid-rich residues formed larger pores. Activated hydrochar obtained from water-extracted residues demonstrated the largest surface area (315 m²/g) and pore diameter (7.10 nm), indicating mesoporous properties suitable for adsorption applications. The Van Krevelen diagram confirmed that HTC hydrochar stability improved through condensation and aromatization processes. By integrating SFE with HTC, this study presents a systematic approach for converting by-products into high-value hydrochar, offering a sustainable solution for resource recycling and utilization.

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来源期刊

Journal of Supercritical Fluids 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

10.30%

发文量

236

审稿时长

56 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Supercritical Fluids is an international journal devoted to the fundamental and applied aspects of supercritical fluids and processes. Its aim is to provide a focused platform for academic and industrial researchers to report their findings and to have ready access to the advances in this rapidly growing field. Its coverage is multidisciplinary and includes both basic and applied topics. Thermodynamics and phase equilibria, reaction kinetics and rate processes, thermal and transport properties, and all topics related to processing such as separations (extraction, fractionation, purification, chromatography) nucleation and impregnation are within the scope. Accounts of specific engineering applications such as those encountered in food, fuel, natural products, minerals, pharmaceuticals and polymer industries are included. Topics related to high pressure equipment design, analytical techniques, sensors, and process control methodologies are also within the scope of the journal.