Could chloroxylenol be used as WBE biomarker in gravity sewers? Fates, behaviors and feasible conditions

IF 12.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Water Research Pub Date : 2025-06-15 Epub Date: 2025-02-25 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.123376

Xinhui Xia, Huizhi Mu, Yujia Du, Shuocheng Shao, Yaqun Li, Dan Li, Qingliang Zhao, Liangliang Wei

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Abstract

Understanding the in-sewer stability of chemical biomarkers is crucial for effective wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studying. Sewer conditions, including environmental and biological factors, significantly influence biomarker transformations. This study investigated the stability of chloroxylenol (PCMX) under different levels of pH, temperature, shear force, and ventilation status, and then clarified the fate and behavior of PCMX in gravity sewers (GS). Results indicated the stability of PCMX obviously increased with higher pH and shear force, and lower temperature in both well- and partially-ventilated GS reactors. In poorly-ventilated GS reactors, the highest degradation rates occurred under normal conditions (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C, shear = 1.15 N/m²). Biological activity (MPR>SPR) and dissolved oxygen (DO) primarily drove PCMX transformation, with minimal effects from pH, temperature, and shear force. A positive correlation existed between PCMX transformation and DO, and a negative correlation existed between PCMX transformation and biological activity. Mass balance analysis indicated that adsorption and bioaccumulation dominated PCMX transformation in GS, while biotransformation occurred with the increasing of DO and prolongation of HRT. Additionally, the suitability of PCMX as a WBE biomarker under different GS conditions was assessed. PCMX was viable as a biomarker in partially-ventilated GS under pH 8 or shears force of 0.48 N/m² conditions, and in poorly-ventilated GS under pH 6 or shears force of 0.48 N/m² conditions. This study enhances understanding of factors affecting PCMX stability and supports its application as a WBE biomarker in community health assessments.

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氯二酚能否作为重力下水道WBE生物标志物？命运，行为和可行条件

了解化学生物标志物在下水道中的稳定性对有效研究基于废水的流行病学（WBE）至关重要。下水道条件，包括环境和生物因素，显著影响生物标志物的转化。本研究考察了不同pH、温度、剪切力和通风条件下氯氧甲酚（PCMX）的稳定性，从而阐明了PCMX在重力下水道（GS）中的命运和行为。结果表明，在良好通风和部分通风的GS反应器中，随着pH、剪切力和温度的升高，PCMX的稳定性明显提高。在通风不良的GS反应器中，在正常条件下（pH=7.0， T=20°C，剪切=1.15 N/m2），降解率最高。生物活性（MPR>；SPR）和溶解氧（DO）主要驱动PCMX转化，pH、温度和剪切力的影响最小。PCMX转化与DO呈正相关，与生物活性呈负相关。质量平衡分析表明，PCMX在GS中的转化以吸附和生物积累为主，而生物转化则随着DO的增加和HRT的延长而发生。此外，还评估了PCMX作为WBE生物标志物在不同GS条件下的适用性。PCMX作为生物标志物在pH为8或剪切力为0.48 N/m2的不通风GS中是可行的，在pH为6或剪切力为0.48 N/m2的不通风GS中也是可行的。本研究增强了对影响PCMX稳定性因素的理解，并支持其作为WBE生物标志物在社区健康评估中的应用。

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产品信息

阿拉丁

Chloroxylenol

来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.