{"title":"Sunflowers by Paul Gauguin. Examination of Painting Materials","authors":"K. B. Kalinina, O. D. Leontieva","doi":"10.1134/S2635167624601013","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The structure and pigment composition of paint layers of Paul Gauguin’s painting <i>Sunflowers</i> are studied by investigating cross sections with fragments of the painting using polarization microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. It is found that the painting is painted on a striped colored cotton will canvas. The results of the study show that the primer consists of two layers: a lower chalk layer and an upper layer consisting of lithopone. Pigments such as cadmium yellow, barite yellow, ultramarine, cinnabar, arsenic copper, zinc white, lead white, chalk, and barite are found in the paint layers. It is found by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry that linseed oil is used as a binder, and beeswax is applied to the painting surface to strengthen it. It is shown that the much better state of preservation of <i>Sunflowers</i> (relative to other paintings by Gauguin) is due to the choice of a twill canvas and adherence to painting technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":716,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnologies in Russia","volume":"19 4","pages":"517 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Nanotechnologies in Russia","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S2635167624601013","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"Engineering","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The structure and pigment composition of paint layers of Paul Gauguin’s painting Sunflowers are studied by investigating cross sections with fragments of the painting using polarization microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. It is found that the painting is painted on a striped colored cotton will canvas. The results of the study show that the primer consists of two layers: a lower chalk layer and an upper layer consisting of lithopone. Pigments such as cadmium yellow, barite yellow, ultramarine, cinnabar, arsenic copper, zinc white, lead white, chalk, and barite are found in the paint layers. It is found by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry that linseed oil is used as a binder, and beeswax is applied to the painting surface to strengthen it. It is shown that the much better state of preservation of Sunflowers (relative to other paintings by Gauguin) is due to the choice of a twill canvas and adherence to painting technology.
通过使用偏振显微镜和能量色散 X 射线显微分析法研究保罗-高更的油画《向日葵》的横截面和画作碎片，从而了解画作颜料层的结构和颜料成分。研究发现，这幅画是绘制在条纹彩色棉画布上的。研究结果表明，底漆由两层组成：下层为白垩层，上层为石粉。颜料层中含有镉黄、重晶石黄、群青、朱砂、砷铜、锌白、铅白、白垩和重晶石等颜料。通过热解-气相色谱-质谱法发现，亚麻籽油被用作粘合剂，蜂蜡被涂抹在油漆表面以增强其强度。研究表明，《向日葵》（相对于高更的其他画作）之所以保存完好，是因为选用了斜纹画布并坚持使用绘画技术。
期刊介绍：
Nanobiotechnology Reports publishes interdisciplinary research articles on fundamental aspects of the structure and properties of nanoscale objects and nanomaterials, polymeric and bioorganic molecules, and supramolecular and biohybrid complexes, as well as articles that discuss technologies for their preparation and processing, and practical implementation of products, devices, and nature-like systems based on them. The journal publishes original articles and reviews that meet the highest scientific quality standards in the following areas of science and technology studies: self-organizing structures and nanoassemblies; nanostructures, including nanotubes; functional and structural nanomaterials; polymeric, bioorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials; devices and products based on nanomaterials and nanotechnology; nanobiology and genetics, and omics technologies; nanobiomedicine and nanopharmaceutics; nanoelectronics and neuromorphic computing systems; neurocognitive systems and technologies; nanophotonics; natural science methods in a study of cultural heritage items; metrology, standardization, and monitoring in nanotechnology.
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