Nanotechnologies in Russia最新文献

This work presents the results of comparative studies of the effect of iron, zinc, copper nanoparticles (NPs) and their compositions, and chitosan in nutrient media on seed germination and the morphophysiological parameters of tomatoes and peppers. It is found that for nutrient media containing chitosan and metal NPs instead of salts of these elements, the germination of pepper seeds increased on average by 3–7% and tomato seeds by 1.4–2.8 times compared to the germination of seeds on standard Murashige—Skoog medium (control), depending on the concentration, element, and combination with chitosan. The introduction of metal NPs and chitosan into the nutrient media for the cultivation of tomato and pepper plants has an insignificant effect on a change in root length, but promotes an increase in its activity, for example, for Fe NPs at a concentration of 3 mg/L by 2.24 times (p ≤ 0.05), in combination with chitosan by 2.44 times (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the control. Plant material prepared on nutrient media with metal NPs and chitosan in aseptic conditions, planted into the soil, allows an increase in the yield of tomatoes by 10–15% and peppers by 2 times.

The data on changes in bacterial luminescence and morphometric indicators of spring durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), spring barley (Hordeum sativum J.) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) after pre-sowing seed treatment with boron and cobalt nanoparticles in a polymer matrix are presented. The toxicity results of B and Co NPs on the bacterial luminescence test system for Escherichia coli K12 TG1 show that the semi-lethal (causing 50% of bacteria death) concentration of B NPs is 2.4 × 10^–2 mg/mL and Co NPs is 3 × 10^–3 mg/mL, whereas the selected concentration range for pre-sowing seed treatment is from 10^–9 to 10^–7%. The germination energy increases by 10.9‒25%, and seed germination by 2.9‒10.7%. Studying the morphometric parameters of shoots after NP treatment showed that cobalt has a more intensive effect on the growth of the superterrestrial parts of plants, and boron has better stimulation of the growth of the root system. In the case of B NPs, the sprout length increases by 4.8‒31.3% the root-system length increases by 14.9‒32%, the dry mass of the sprout by 14.3‒26.1%, and the dry mass of the root system by 17.9‒29% in comparison with the control. The pre-sowing seed treatment of cereal crops with Co NPs also shows an increase in shoot length by 29‒49%, root-system length by 12‒17%, sprout mass by 18‒36%, and root mass by 10‒20% relative to the control samples. A concentration of boron NPs of 10^–8% and cobalt NPs of 10^‒9% can be recommended for further production tests in the field.

The toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) and composites of metal NPs modified with polysaccharides is assessed by quantitative determination of the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To create the nanocomposites, nanoparticles of copper with a size of 25–40 nm and a specific surface area of 30–60 m²/g; iron, 30–40 nm, 40–50 m²/g; cobalt 30–50 nm, 30–50 m²/g are used, and the polysaccharide of the medicinal plant knotweed is used as a natural polymer. The multifunctional nanobiocomposites possess synergistic properties of the natural polymer matrix and the material of the central nanoscale core. They have a prolonged effect and are less toxic than the NPs themselves. The developed nanocomposites can increase wheat yields by 10–40%, and when introduced into animal feed, increase their growth rates and reduce morbidity.

The duration of a simulation directly depends on the size of the system under study: the larger its volume, the longer the calculations. Using a simulation box of minimal size is the most efficient in terms of calculation speed; however, its reduction is permissible only as long as it does not lead to a loss of accuracy of the results. To establish the threshold to which a box can be reduced, the molecular dynamics of lysozyme dimers and hexamers in a crystallization solution is modelled in simulation boxes of different sizes. Since dimers (and octamers) are present in lysozyme crystallization solutions, but hexamers (and tetramers) are absent, a comparison of their stability makes it possible to determine the correctness of the simulation results in each box. It is found that the dimer is more stable than the hexamer in all boxes under consideration, the smallest of which is set so that the minimum distance between the protein atoms and the box face is 1 nm. Thus, this offset is the minimum permissible one in the study of protein crystallization solutions.

The work analyzes the results of studying the metal composition of metal and the method of manufacturing sewn-on plaques found in one of the female burials of the second half of the 7th century in the Goto-Alan burial ground near the village of Luchistoe in Southwestern Crimea. It is found that the base of the plaques was stamped from a copper plate and then covered on the front side with a thin foil made of an alloy of silver and gold with a small copper content. Gold and silver are present in almost equal proportions (Ag 50–59%; Au 34–47%), while the copper content varies from 2 to 6%. The hollow plaques were filled with a special paste and then sewn to a leather ribbon which was worn on the head or sewn to the neck of a dress. Thus, we are dealing with an imitation of solid gold jewelry, the manufacture of which required the minimum amount of precious metals. Plaques of this type were most likely brought from the Carpathian basin. Here, on the territory of the Avar Khaganate, there are known finds of sets of such objects created in different variations, and there are also matrices for their manufacture.

In this work, we report the synthesis of novel nontoxic CuO-containing nanocomposites with a polysaccharide matrix. Biocompatible CuO-containing nanoparticles are obtained under mild conditions by an environmentally friendly condensation method. The use of an arabinogalactan matrix to regulate the size of the nanoparticles and impart hydrophilicity to them is justified. The formation of copper oxides in the presence of a polysaccharide, as a stabilizing matrix, leads to the formation of monodisperse copper oxide nanoparticles with a controlled narrow size distribution (5–11 nm), due to effective stabilization by the functional groups of the polysaccharide. The copper-containing nanocomposites are characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis. Infrared spectroscopy is used to study the coordination between CuO and arabinogalactan nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet UV–Vis spectrometry are used to analyze the size and optical properties of the nanoparticles. The surface morphology and elemental composition are studied using XRDMA. The new hydrophilic nanocomposites in an arabinogalactan matrix are nontoxic materials with respect to natural microbial communities of wood-decay fungi.

Soybean is a strategically important agricultural crop that serves as a source of vegetable fat and protein. The processed products derived from soybean are utilized in the food, livestock, and various other industries. To expand soybean production in Russia, it is essential to develop varieties that are adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of northern latitudes, including Western Siberia, which is characterized by a relatively short growing season and long daylight period. To effectively develop adaptive early-flowering and early-maturing soybean varieties, it is essential to evaluate the impact of the E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes on the photoperiodic response of soybean and their influence on plant development timing under local conditions. A total of 102 accessions from the Omsk Agricultural Scientific Center’s collection were analyzed, including original varieties from the center, varieties from other domestic breeding centers, and foreign varieties and breeding accessions from Poland, Sweden, Belarus, Ukraine, Canada, and other countries. Data on flowering dates were collected from a field experiment conducted in the Omsk oblast between 2021 and 2023. Genotyping was performed using both classical PCR-based markers and next-generation markers based on competitive allele-specific PCR. The analysis revealed that the recessive alleles of the E loci, which produce a photoperiodically neutral phenotype (e1-as, e1-fs, e2-ns, e3-tr, e3-fs, e4-kes, e4-kes+e4-SORE-1), are predominant in the collection. Furthermore, it was determined that the E2 and E4 loci exert the most significant influence on the full flowering date, while the E3 locus has the greatest effect on the end date of flowering and the overall duration of flowering. The findings can be utilized in marker-assisted selection to develop early-flowering varieties of the Siberian ecotype.

Biocarbon materials are attracting increasing interest from researchers due to their excellent sorption properties and environmental friendliness of their production. Having a developed internal surface, nanostructured biocarbon materials demonstrate record sorption characteristics. One of the promising areas of application of such sorbents is plant biotechnology. Thus, an important problem of clonal micropropagation in vitro is the need to remove metabolites toxic to seedlings, primarily phenolic compounds. Biocarbon sorbents, including nanobiochars, have demonstrated high efficiency in the adsorption of such contaminants, including when introduced into nutrient media for plant-tissue culture. Changing the conditions for the synthesis of biocarbon nanomaterials directly affects their sorption characteristics, which opens up opportunities for the targeted production of optimal sorbents for intensifying and reducing the cost of the clonal micropropagation of plants. At the same time, uncertainty remains regarding the sorption and other properties of such promising materials as biographene and its derivatives when introduced as a component into media for plant-tissue culture. The mechanisms of the adsorption of phenolic compounds by carbon nanomaterials are not fully understood. There are concerns about the risks associated with the exposure of plants to nanoparticles and nanomaterials. All these questions require further research.

This paper presents the studies of paste-inlay samples from decorative grooves on fragments of two vessels from the Early Iron Age burial mound Peschaniy IV (Remontnensky raion, Rostov oblast). Vessel 1 is similar in type to North Caucasian ceramics and vessel 2 is similar to the ceramics of the Crimean steppe. A comprehensive study included the following methods: scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X‑ray microanalysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The paste of North Caucasian vessel 1 was made of natrojarosite powder mixed with kaolinite and was fired at a temperature in the range of 450–600°C. The paste of vessel 2 was made of calcite. The morphological features of the calcareous platelets of coccolithophores found in the calcite confirm that the origin of the raw material of the paste is the territory of Crimea.

Speed breeding is a method that reduces the generation time of spring cereals to two months. The method has gained significant popularity for addressing challenges in breeding and genetics. It relies on the use of physiological factors that accelerate flowering onset, shorten the generative phase of development, and overcome post-harvest seed dormancy. Currently, the use of speed breeding is not widespread in the Russian Federation due to a lack of regarding its implementation with Russian cereal genotypes. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using speed breeding to accelerate the growth of malting barley and developed our own protocol that initiates heading on the 39th day after sowing. By drying immature spikes and overcoming post-harvest seed dormancy, we were able to begin the growing of the next generation on the 77th day; furthermore, the use of embryo culture enabled us to reduce this time to 60 days. The use of a tool such as speed breeding has allowed us to carry out mass hybridization of plants and the development of pure lines following crosses in a short timeframe. It is also convenient for the introgression of genes of interest and the rapid propagation of valuable barley genotypes.