Chromosomal 3p loss and 8q gain drive vasculogenic mimicry via HIF-2α and VE-cadherin activation in uveal melanoma

Abstract

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults and is where Vasculogenic Mimicry (VM) was first described. VM enables aggressive cancer cells to independently form blood networks, complicating treatment for patients exhibiting VM. Previous studies linked VE-Cadherin phosphorylation at Y658 to gene expression via Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), enhancing the Kaiso/β-catenin/TCF-4 complex associated with VE-Cadherin and thereby promoting VM. Recently, an allosteric HIF-2α inhibitor (Belzutifan) was FDA-approved for VHL-associated ccRCCs. In this research, we elucidate the primary causes of VM formation in UM patients with chromosome 3p loss and chromosome 8q gain, identifying VHL, BAP1, and FAK as important factors driving VM and worsening prognosis. These factors promote abnormal activation of HIF-2α and VE-Cadherin under basal hypoxic conditions, leading to VM formation. Cytoscan 750k experiments on the MUM 2B cell line reveal a loss of chromosome 3p, where the VHL, BAP1, and CTNNB1 genes are located, and a gain of chromosome 8q (FAK), whereas the MUM 2C cell line shows a gain of chromosome 3p. This provides an outstanding cross-sectional model from patient samples to established cell lines for VM studies. LC-MS experiments demonstrate that VE-Cad/ENG expression is related to FAK activity in UM cell lines. Finally, using a combination of Belzutifan (HIF-2α inhibitor) and FAK inhibitor (FAKi), we observed a significant reduction in UM xenografts. Our results lead us to propose combining Belzutifan and FAKi as a personalized treatment strategy for UM patients. This approach inhibits VM formation and counters the initial hypoxic conditions resulting from chromosome 3p loss and chromosome 8q gain in UM patients, instilling confidence in the potential of this treatment strategy.