From lab-scale to industrialization: atomically M–N–C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract

Atomically M–N–C catalysts have become a prominent research focus in new energy technologies due to their outstanding performance in the oxygen reduction reaction. To date, various M–N–C catalysts have been developed as foundational research models for realizing high-efficiency fuel cells. With the help of atomic-level theoretical research tools, our understanding of the electronic interactions between active sites and microstructures has reached a new level. However, a significant gap remains between theoretical advancements at the laboratory scale and their industrial applications. Therefore, bridging this gap is an urgent need. This review addresses key aspects of M–N–C catalysts by summarizing the construction, characterization, mechanistic research (including probes and density functional theory calculations), machine learning, and high throughput design of active centers at the atomic scale. This review highlights the critical issues that must be resolved in industrialization and outlines future development directions. With the goal of “accelerating industrialization through industrial technology,” this review provides a comprehensive overview and valuable reference for future research.