Influence of Nanoparticle Seeds on the Formation and Growth of High Entropy Alloys during Core@Shell Nanoparticle Synthesis

Abstract

The growth of inorganic shells on nanocrystal seeds to form core@shell nanoparticles is well-known to enhance and improve properties and performance, and therefore is foundational to many applications. High entropy alloys, which contain five or more metals in near-equal amounts, are emerging as important materials due to their synergistic properties. Integrating high entropy alloys into the shells of core@shell nanoparticles has the potential to combine and expand the benefits of both. However, the compositional complexity of high entropy alloys complicates shell growth because of the many competing reactions and byproducts that are possible. Here, we report a synthetic protocol for growing high entropy alloy shells on metal nanoparticle seeds, along with mechanistic insights from time-point studies that define guidelines for controlling core@shell nanoparticle composition, thickness, and growth modes. By studying the growth of NiPdPtRhIr, SnPdPtRhIr, and SnNiPdPtIr shells on Au seeds and NiFePdRhIr shells on both Au and Pt seeds, we find that the seed modifies the reaction pathways and accelerates the formation of high entropy alloys compared to when they are synthesized directly in the absence of a seed. We also identify competing reactions that produce freestanding multimetallic particles instead of the desired high entropy alloy shells, as well as evidence for galvanic exchange and ripening processes that contribute to shell growth. Based on these insights, we compiled a synthetic roadmap of design rules that was then applied to the design and synthesis of additional high entropy alloy shells, including SnNiFeRhIr and SnNiFeCoPd, that expand compositional tolerance relative to what can be achieved through direct synthesis.