Exploring the Potential of Fourier Transform-infrared Spectroscopy of Urine for Non-invasive Monitoring of Inflammation associated with Kidney Transplant

Abstract

The global rise of end-stage renal disease is leading to an increase in kidney transplants. Transplants survival are accompanied by more inflammation and rejection cases. Traditional laboratory analyses often lack accuracy, and graft biopsies - the current gold standard - are considered invasive and risky means. This highlights an unmet need for innovative diagnostic and monitoring methods of graft rejection and inflammation. This study explores the potential of Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy of fresh urine for diagnosing kidney transplant inflammation. Urine samples were collected from kidney transplant patients who are under regular surveillance. An unsupervised method of spectral data analysis, especially Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), was initially employed. However, it was unable to reveal a clear distinction between control and pathological conditions. Subsequently, two machine learning models - SVM and Gradient Boosting - were employed to categorise participants into pathologic or control groups; achieving a diagnostic accuracy of 77.78%. The study also evaluated other factors that could affect model performance, including urine biochemical composition, type of inflammation, and patient's medication history. The inherent variability of the urine, attributed to factors such as diet and medications, poses challenges to identifying robust spectroscopic markers. Nevertheless, mid-infrared spectroscopy offers a promising, non-invasive approach for diagnosing kidney transplant disorders. Further research is essential to provide more advanced prediction models and meet the criteria for potential clinical deployment.