New Insights into Nonthermal Plasma-Assisted Poly(vinyl alcohol) Depolymerization Catalyzed by TiO2

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the solid residual poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and TiO₂ after nonthermal air, CO₂, and N₂ plasma depolymerization in the absence and presence of TiO₂. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed the absence of highly viscous tar and carbonaceous residues on the surfaces of PVA and TiO₂. In the absence of TiO₂, PVA particles exhibited micron-sized holes on their surfaces, whereas in the presence of TiO₂, the surface roughness of PVA particles was observed at the submicron scale. These observations suggest that TiO₂ facilitates the even distribution of nonthermal plasma at a submicron scale, leading to a more uniform depolymerization of PVA surfaces. Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that (i) the surface of residual PVA contains mainly ketone functional groups and less C–H bonds than the pristine PVA and (ii) further confirmed the absence of highly viscous tar and carbonaceous residues on both used TiO₂ and residual PVA. The nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy suggested that the PVA is growing back to poly polyvinyl acetate by the esterification reaction, and the ethers are produced by the acetal reaction between PVA and aldehyde. The transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated no major crystal structural change of the TiO₂ catalyst after the plasma reactions. This study demonstrates that nonthermal plasma-assisted depolymerization is a viable alternative to thermal depolymerization, offering the unique advantage of converting polymer wastes into gaseous small organic molecules without generating recalcitrant viscous tar and carbonaceous residues on the surfaces of the polymer and TiO₂ catalysts.