Contamination degree and health implications of indoor air pollution: Operating field measurements in market environments

IF 8.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Science of the Total Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178946

Oznur Isinkaralar , Małgorzata Rajfur , Kaan Isinkaralar , Paweł Świsłowski

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study investigated the contamination levels, ecological and human health risks, and potential sources of eleven potentially toxic metals (PETs), particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) collected from urban-rural-periphery markets exposed to various anthropogenic activities, accentuated by the ever-increasing stress of anthropogenic activities. Contamination aspects, associated ecological risks, and hazards to human health will be discussed herein, besides determining and presenting possible sources of PM_2.5 and PETs: Cr, Cu, Co Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mg, Al, Mn, and Fe. The study describes the settled dust particles from various indoor dust-collecting environments of a few supermarket chains in Kastamonu Province, Türkiye. The indoor and outdoor average levels (I/O), ratio of CO₂ and PM_2.5 concentrations was between 1.05–1.28 and 1.23–1.70 across these markets. The overall concentrations of PETs (mg kg⁻¹) indoors were observed in the following descending order: Fe (6492.73) > Al (2290.80) > Mg (719.86) > Zn (150.20) > Mn (162.13) > Ni (38.73) > Cr (18.06) > Pb (28.33) > Cu (13.67) > Co (7.87) > Cd (1.69). The I/O PM_2.5, CO_2, and PETs concentration ratios generally exhibited a multi-distribution, with peaks between 4:00–7:00 p.m., likely associated with customer density. The mean levels of children's exposure to dust particles from urban markets occurred principally through ingestion (7.53E+02), followed by dermal contact (1.10E−03) and inhalation (7.95E−06). The findings of this pioneering study offer crucial data to inform future monitoring and policy for protecting coastal ecosystems and public health.

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来源期刊

Science of the Total Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

17.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

8726

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Science of the Total Environment is an international journal dedicated to scientific research on the environment and its interaction with humanity. It covers a wide range of disciplines and seeks to publish innovative, hypothesis-driven, and impactful research that explores the entire environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. The journal's updated Aims & Scope emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary environmental research with broad impact. Priority is given to studies that advance fundamental understanding and explore the interconnectedness of multiple environmental spheres. Field studies are preferred, while laboratory experiments must demonstrate significant methodological advancements or mechanistic insights with direct relevance to the environment.