Modelling of the multicellular tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) on a fit-for-purpose biochip for preclinical drug discovery†

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common and lethal form of pancreatic cancer. One major cause for a fast disease progression is the presence of a highly fibrotic tumor microenvironment (TME) mainly composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), and various immune cells, especially tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). To conclusively evaluate drug efficacy, it is crucial to develop in vitro models that can recapitulate the cross talk between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma. Here, we constructed a fit-for-purpose biochip platform which allows the integration of PDAC spheroids (composed of PANC-1 cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSC)). Additionally, the chip design enables dynamic administration of drugs or immune cells via a layer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). As a proof-of-concept for drug administration, vorinostat, an FDA-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), subjected via continuous flow for 72 h, resulted in a significantly reduced viability of PDAC spheroids without affecting vascular integrity. Furthermore, dynamic perfusion with peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC)-derived monocytes resulted in an immune cell migration through the endothelium into the spheroids. After 72 h of infiltration, monocytes differentiated into macrophages which polarized into the M2 phenotype. The polarization into M2 macrophages persisted for at least 168 h, verified by expression of the M2 marker CD163 which increased from 72 h to 168 h, while the M1 markers CD86 and HLA-DR were significantly downregulated. Overall, the described spheroid-on-chip model allows the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies by mimicking and targeting the complex TME of PDAC.