Exploring cellular dynamics: Engineered fluorescent carbon dots for organelle staining and cellular response analysis

Abstract

Live cell staining that is vital for comprehensive study of cellular organelles under various conditions demands labeling agents that are highly specific, biocompatible, stable, and sensitive. Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs), with advantages of ease in synthesis, notable biocompatibility, exceptional photostability, and tunable fluorescence properties, have emerged as superior candidates for both live cell staining and in vivo imaging. The efficacy of CDs is significantly influenced by their core crystallinity, surface defect and functional groups, recognizing moieties, emissive molecular states, size, and charge, making these parameters critical for optimal organelle staining. This review article delves into the fluorescence and functional properties of CDs, underpinning their development for use in live cell and in vivo imaging systems that offer unparalleled specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency. We highlight the applications and advantages of CDs, their role in transcending the limitations of traditional staining dyes, and their utility in targeting various live organelles. Additionally, we explore the mechanisms behind their fluorescence and discuss strategies for tuning their emission wavelengths. The exploration of cellular dynamics and analysis of cellular responses facilitated by CDs ushers in new opportunities for comprehending cellular mechanisms. The capacity of CDs for real-time monitoring provides extraordinary insights into how cells respond to external stimuli, highlighting the transformative potential of CDs in advancing cellular biology and medical diagnostics.