Rural–urban differences in mental health and psychotherapy use among veterans with military sexual trauma: A retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Purpose

The present study examined differences in the mental health outcomes and psychotherapy use of rural Veterans with military sexual trauma (MST), as compared to their urban peers, given rural Veterans’ increased risk for delayed or missed care.

Methods

We analyzed Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative data for 311,917 Veterans with a history of MST. Veterans were classified as rural/highly rural (30.25%) or urban (69.75%) based on VHA Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Rural-urban differences were assessed for mental health disorders and service use across 4 VHA clinic types (i.e., integrated Primary Care-Mental Health Clinic, General Mental Health Clinic, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Team, Substance Use Disorder Clinic) using logistic regression models adjusted for age. Analysis of covariance models compared differences in utilization intensity among Veterans with at least 1 encounter in the designated clinic.

Findings

Compared to urban Veterans with MST, rural Veterans with MST were more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder but less likely to be diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, alcohol use disorder, and other substance use disorder. As expected, rural Veterans with MST were less likely to receive individual and group psychotherapy services, regardless of the VHA clinic type, than their urban counterparts. Notably, rural Veterans remained in individual and group treatment longer than urban Veterans across nearly all clinics.

Conclusion

Further investigation into challenges and opportunities to improve mental health care initiation among rural Veterans with MST is a critical next step in optimizing their well-being and quality of life.