{"title":"Temperature-dependent crystallization of TiO2: A pathway to optimize efficiency in perovskite solar cells","authors":"Gani Purwiandono , Puji Lestari , Fina Binazir Maziya , Dara Rossa Alcintaka , Rizky Fajrie Novriansyah","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2025.128133","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) crystals and their use as electron transport layers (ETLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSC). We investigated the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> films by altering synthesis temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C) and reaction periods. TiO<sub>2</sub> produced at 70 °C has the largest crystallite size and surface area, resulting in better film quality, according to the characterization of XRD, SEM, and TEM. The maximum conversion efficiency of 16.1 % is achieved by 70 °C TiO<sub>2</sub> films due to the improved charge extraction and lower recombination. These results show that optimizing the TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL and precisely controlling synthesis conditions improves PSC performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":353,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crystal Growth","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 128133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Crystal Growth","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022024825000818","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CRYSTALLOGRAPHY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study investigates the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO2) crystals and their use as electron transport layers (ETLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSC). We investigated the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of TiO2 films by altering synthesis temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C) and reaction periods. TiO2 produced at 70 °C has the largest crystallite size and surface area, resulting in better film quality, according to the characterization of XRD, SEM, and TEM. The maximum conversion efficiency of 16.1 % is achieved by 70 °C TiO2 films due to the improved charge extraction and lower recombination. These results show that optimizing the TiO2 ETL and precisely controlling synthesis conditions improves PSC performance.
期刊介绍：
The journal offers a common reference and publication source for workers engaged in research on the experimental and theoretical aspects of crystal growth and its applications, e.g. in devices. Experimental and theoretical contributions are published in the following fields: theory of nucleation and growth, molecular kinetics and transport phenomena, crystallization in viscous media such as polymers and glasses; crystal growth of metals, minerals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetics, inorganic, organic and biological substances in bulk or as thin films; molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, growth of III-V and II-VI and other semiconductors; characterization of single crystals by physical and chemical methods; apparatus, instrumentation and techniques for crystal growth, and purification methods; multilayer heterostructures and their characterisation with an emphasis on crystal growth and epitaxial aspects of electronic materials. A special feature of the journal is the periodic inclusion of proceedings of symposia and conferences on relevant aspects of crystal growth.
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