Optical waveguides and work function modification in perovskite particles embedded tellurium-zinc glass for photonic applications

Abstract

In recent years, tellurium-zinc glass and perovskite structures have gained significant attention in advancing the field of integrated optics. This research explores the integration of tellurium-zinc glass (TZ) and perovskite BaTiO3 tri-doped Er/Yb/Zn embedded in tellurium-zinc glass (TZ-NP), aiming to enhance the functionality of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials for applications involving integrated optical systems. Pure TZ and TZ-NP were fabricated to address these issues, improving their chemical and thermal stability. Chemical surface and internal structure analyses were conducted using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The study also focuses on optimizing femtosecond laser (fs-laser) direct writing for creating microstructured waveguides in TZ-NP glass with low propagation loss. An end-face coupling experimental setup measured the waveguide near-field mode intensity. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) was also used to assess the electrical properties crucial for photovoltaic devices. The possibility of a 14-fold increase in surface potential providing a highly homogeneous response using the KPFM compared to the pure TZ glass has been shown. The propagation loss was reduced to 1.35 dB/cm in optical waveguides of TZ-NP without introducing additional scattering. It has been demonstrated that embedding perovskite particles in glass significantly improves the response of optical and electric properties through enhanced light-matter interactions, potentially leading to the development of optical waveguide components and photovoltaic devices for photonics.