{"title":"Properties and mechanism of high-performance flame retardant thermoplastic vulcanizate with alkenyl-crosslinking molecule","authors":"Siqi Chen , Lijun Qian , Junxiao Li , Jingyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111278","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural morphology of flame retardants within a polymer matrix is a key factor affecting their flame retardancy, dispersibility, compatibility, and mechanical properties. In this study, an alkenyl-crosslinking flame retardant molecule (AFR-GMA) was designed and synthesized, demonstrating significantly enhanced flame retardant performance compared to piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP), alongside improvements in mechanical properties. Incorporating 22 % AFR-GMA/MPP into thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) passed 1.6 mm UL 94 V-0 rating, while the LOI rose from 18.2 % to 29.4 %, higher than 26.2 % of 22 % (PAPP/MPP)/TPV. During combustion, AFR-GMA facilitated the retention of more phosphorus and carbon within the residual char, forming a denser char structure and exhibiting superior condensed phase flame retardant effects. Cone calorimetry test revealed that the PHRR and PSPR of the AFR-GMA/MPP/TPV composite decreased by 74.8 % and 50 %, respectively, compared to pure TPV, while the residual weight increased from 0.14 % to 28.5 %. Regarding mechanical properties, the addition of AFR-GMA maintaining excellent tensile strength and elongation at break of TPV composites. In summary, the introduction of alkenyl-crosslinking flame retardant molecule retained great flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the TPV composites, offering a promising approach for the design and application of alkenyl-crosslinking flame retardants in commercial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 111278"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391025001089","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
The structural morphology of flame retardants within a polymer matrix is a key factor affecting their flame retardancy, dispersibility, compatibility, and mechanical properties. In this study, an alkenyl-crosslinking flame retardant molecule (AFR-GMA) was designed and synthesized, demonstrating significantly enhanced flame retardant performance compared to piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP), alongside improvements in mechanical properties. Incorporating 22 % AFR-GMA/MPP into thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) passed 1.6 mm UL 94 V-0 rating, while the LOI rose from 18.2 % to 29.4 %, higher than 26.2 % of 22 % (PAPP/MPP)/TPV. During combustion, AFR-GMA facilitated the retention of more phosphorus and carbon within the residual char, forming a denser char structure and exhibiting superior condensed phase flame retardant effects. Cone calorimetry test revealed that the PHRR and PSPR of the AFR-GMA/MPP/TPV composite decreased by 74.8 % and 50 %, respectively, compared to pure TPV, while the residual weight increased from 0.14 % to 28.5 %. Regarding mechanical properties, the addition of AFR-GMA maintaining excellent tensile strength and elongation at break of TPV composites. In summary, the introduction of alkenyl-crosslinking flame retardant molecule retained great flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the TPV composites, offering a promising approach for the design and application of alkenyl-crosslinking flame retardants in commercial settings.
期刊介绍：
Polymer Degradation and Stability deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology.
Deteriorative reactions occur during processing, when polymers are subjected to heat, oxygen and mechanical stress, and during the useful life of the materials when oxygen and sunlight are the most important degradative agencies. In more specialised applications, degradation may be induced by high energy radiation, ozone, atmospheric pollutants, mechanical stress, biological action, hydrolysis and many other influences. The mechanisms of these reactions and stabilisation processes must be understood if the technology and application of polymers are to continue to advance. The reporting of investigations of this kind is therefore a major function of this journal.
However there are also new developments in polymer technology in which degradation processes find positive applications. For example, photodegradable plastics are now available, the recycling of polymeric products will become increasingly important, degradation and combustion studies are involved in the definition of the fire hazards which are associated with polymeric materials and the microelectronics industry is vitally dependent upon polymer degradation in the manufacture of its circuitry. Polymer properties may also be improved by processes like curing and grafting, the chemistry of which can be closely related to that which causes physical deterioration in other circumstances.
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