Prevalence, Determinants and Wealth-Related Inequality of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Among Reproductive-Aged Women (15–49 Years) in Nepal: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Nepal Demographic and Health Survey Data 2022

Abstract

Background: Mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, among women of reproductive age, remain a significant public health concern, yet comprehensive studies addressing these issues are limited in Nepal.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, associated factors and wealth-related inequality of anxiety and depression symptoms among women aged 15–49 years in Nepal.

Methods: Data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2022 included 7410 women. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with anxiety, depression and combined symptoms. We also employed the concentration curve to assess wealth-related disparities with mental health outcomes.

Findings: The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms was 5.4% (95% CI: 4.8% to 6.2%) and 7.5% (95% CI: 6.7% to 8.4%), respectively. Furthermore, 9.1% (95% CI: 8.2% to 10.1%) of the women experienced either condition, while 3.8% (95% CI: 3.3% to 4.4%) experienced both. Women with lower educational attainment, a higher number of children, unemployed partners, residents in rural areas and those living in Karnali province exhibited a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms. Women with limited mass media exposure were associated with a higher risk of anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, women with tobacco habits demonstrated a significantly higher risk of depression. Finally, wealth-related inequality was evident; women with lower socioeconomic status were more vulnerable to anxiety and depression symptoms.

Conclusions: The study highlights the need for targeted interventions addressing socio-economic determinants and lifestyle factors, including tobacco use, to mitigate the burden of anxiety and depression symptoms among women in Nepal.