Aqueous Zinc-Based Batteries: Active Materials, Device Design, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-based batteries (AZBs) are emerging as a compelling candidate for large-scale energy storage systems due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and inherent safety. The design and development of high-performance AZBs have thus been the focus of considerable study efforts; yet, certain properties of electrode materials and electrolytes still limit their development. Here, a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the current progress, existing limitations, and potential solutions for electrode materials to achieve long-cycle stability and fast kinetics in AZBs is provided. Detailed analyses of the structural design, electrochemical behavior, and zinc-ion storage mechanisms of various materials are presented. Additionally, key issues and research directions related to the design of zinc anodes and the selection of electrolytes are systematically discussed to guide the future design of AZBs with superior electrochemical performance. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive outlook on the future development of AZBs, highlighting key challenges and opportunities, to foster their continued rapid advancement and broader practical applications in the field.