Transport mechanisms of particulate emissions from artificial marine structures – A review

Abstract

A vast number of artificial marine structures are currently installed offshore, and the rate of new installation is increasing. Especially offshore wind farms, a sub-type of artificial marine structures, are expected to grow significantly due to ambitious installation targets from international decision-makers. With increasing numbers of installed artificial marine structures, an assessment of possible adverse effects is more important than ever. To improve the environmental friendliness of artificial marine structures, an in-depth assessment of the transport and environmental fate of particle emissions is needed. The present work provides an overview of the involved processes of particle transport in the marine environment using the example of an offshore wind turbine. In this work, a first estimation on emission quantities is given for particulate emissions from marine structures, from which it is evident that emissions will increase in the next years due to an increasing number of marine structures.