The role of microalgae in Penaeus vannamei aquaculture: Exploring the importance of biofloc technology

Abstract

Improving the technology, production environment, and overall efficiency are crucial to promote the sustainability of aquaculture. Since the 1990s, biofloc technology (BFT) has become a prominent method to enhance aquaculture production, particularly that of South American white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). This approach offers numerous advantages, including enhanced growth, increased survival rates, and improved shrimp immune function. Microalgae are essential in the formation of bioflocs, as they absorb nutrients from wastewater and generate oxygen through photosynthesis, which supports the proliferation of beneficial bacteria. Moreover, the extracellular polymers released by the microalgae stabilize the bioflocs, thereby enhancing overall system efficiency. The incorporation of microalgae facilitates water filtration and promotes the health of the cultured organisms. This review encapsulates existing knowledge on applying BFT to P. vannamei aquaculture, emphasizing the function of microalgae, addressing its impacts on shrimp production, nutrient recycling, and system challenges, and proposing strategies to improve the efficiency and sustainability of shrimp aquaculture.