The good, the bad, and the unplugged: Community reactions and key challenges facing microgrid development in the United States

Abstract

This study examines the evolving landscape of microgrid development in the United States, with a specific focus on the social and community dimensions often overlooked in such projects. Using documentary analysis and 70 semi-structured interviews, we analyze 12 proposals for microgrid development across the country. Community responses are categorized into cases of opposition, limited engagement, and support. We explore key factors shaping these responses and their impact on project outcomes. The findings reveal that smaller utility-run ‘pilot’ microgrids, which utilized existing infrastructure and renewable energy sources, often resulted in limited engagement. In contrast, projects that lacked integration with existing infrastructure or relied on fossil fuels tended to face opposition. Successful projects that garnered community support achieved this by delivering multiple component benefits, such as improved energy resiliency and the integration of clean energy, while also making use of existing infrastructure and engaging with the community proactively. However, our results underscore that while community support is crucial, success can still be hindered by financial, technical, and bureaucratic challenges. Our research emphasizes that effective community engagement strategies are vital for the successful implementation of microgrids, particularly as they expand in size, scope, and complexity.