Energy Research & Social Science最新文献

Energy communities, distributed generation, renewable sources: Close relatives or potential friends? 能源社区、分布式发电、可再生能源：近亲还是潜在朋友？

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103828

Stefano Moroni

The issue of “energy communities” is increasingly central to public and academic debate. However, the current discourse on energy communities often mixes three different aspects in an unclear manner. The first aspect is the type of energy source: that is, fossil or renewable. The second aspect is the general configuration of energy production: centralised or distributed. The third aspect is the type of prosumers: individuals or communities. These three aspects are not directly related (they concern three different issues), although they may be compatible. This article critically considers these three aspects and the distinctive advantages of the second item in the three pairs: renewable sources; distributed energy production; communities as prosumers. The intention is not merely to provide an overview of the state of the art; it is also to suggest a critical reframing of the discourse. The overall aim is not solely to distinguish different aspects (and advantages); it is also to clarify the real scope and meaning of each of them. Since the three aspects considered (renewables, distributed generation, energy communities) are distinct and conceptually independent from each other, various possible arrangements (i.e., combinations) can be imagined. The article critically considers these various possible combinations and discusses precautions and caveats in terms of policies that should be taken into account in this regard.

能源社区 "问题日益成为公众和学术讨论的核心。然而，目前关于能源社区的讨论往往将三个不同的方面混为一谈。第一个方面是能源类型：即化石能源还是可再生能源。第二个方面是能源生产的总体结构：集中式还是分布式。第三个方面是消费者的类型：个人还是社区。这三个方面没有直接联系（它们涉及三个不同的问题），尽管它们可能相互兼容。本文对这三个方面进行了批判性思考，并探讨了可再生能源、分布式能源生产、社区作为消费者这三者中第二项的独特优势。本文的目的不仅仅是概述目前的技术发展状况，还希望对相关论述提出批判性的重构建议。总体目标不仅仅是区分不同的方面（和优势），还要澄清每个方面的真正范围和含义。由于所考虑的三个方面（可再生能源、分布式发电、能源社区）是不同的，在概念上相互独立，因此可以想象出各种可能的安排（即组合）。文章批判性地考虑了这些可能的组合，并讨论了在这方面应考虑的政策方面的预防措施和注意事项。

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引用次数: 0

Energy inefficiency as a ‘poverty premium’ 作为 "贫困溢价 "的能源效率低下

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103824

Jamie Evans , Caitlin Robinson , Sara Davies

This paper presents the concept of energy inefficiency as a poverty premium. Whilst concepts of energy poverty, vulnerability, and justice have highlighted the uneven distribution and impacts of a lack of access to sufficient energy services, they do not fully capture how people who are already financially disadvantaged pay more as a result of energy inefficiency. We therefore draw on the well-established idea of the “poverty premium” – which has achieved significant political resonance in other policy areas – to highlight how the condition of energy inefficiency can cause people who are financially and materially disadvantaged by poverty to pay a range of premiums. We identify several mechanisms via which these premiums arise: tenure; affordability; finance; investment; behaviour; and policy. Whilst we focus on detailed examples from England (United Kingdom), we also show how energy inefficiency-related poverty premiums are widely applicable across diverse contexts. We argue that the concept is accessible to a wide range of stakeholders, directly addressing key sites of unfairness and injustice in domestic energy efficiency.

本文提出了能源效率低下作为贫困溢价的概念。虽然能源贫困、脆弱性和公正的概念已经强调了缺乏足够能源服务的不均衡分布和影响，但它们并没有完全反映出经济上已经处于不利地位的人们如何因能源效率低下而付出更多。因此，我们借鉴了 "贫困溢价 "这一已经在其他政策领域引起重大政治反响的成熟理念，来强调能源效率低下是如何导致因贫困而在经济上和物质上处于不利地位的人们支付一系列溢价的。我们确定了产生这些溢价的几种机制：保有权、可负担性、资金、投资、行为和政策。我们将重点放在英格兰（英国）的详细例子上，同时我们也展示了与能源效率低下相关的贫困溢价是如何广泛适用于各种情况的。我们认为，这一概念可以为广泛的利益相关者所接受，直接解决家庭能源效率中不公平和不公正的关键问题。

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引用次数: 0

Connected, complex, and carbonized: The country archetypes of the petrochemicals sector 关联、复杂和碳化：石化行业的国家原型

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103826

Ella T. Jennings , Penny J. Hamlin , Chris Hamlin , Jonathan M. Cullen

The petrochemicals sector is known to be “hard-to-decarbonise” due to its innate requirement for fossil fuels for feedstocks, high greenhouse gas emissions, and highly interconnected and complex supply chains. The sector's complexity makes it difficult to decipher how, when, and where to intervene. Every country has a different level of embroilment in the petrochemicals sector, further complicating the solution space, with no one-fits-all policy recommendation. This research examines the structure of the petrochemicals sector to categorize countries into groups which will respond similarly to different decarbonization solutions. The Country Archetypes of the Petrochemicals Sector (CAP) model categorizes 152 countries within a three-dimensional grid, with eight archetypes established at the corners. The characteristics of each archetype, and their implications for decarbonization strategies are discussed. The CAP model can facilitate region-specific recommendations for decarbonization options and investments to have the most success in reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions.

众所周知，石化行业是 "难以去碳化 "的行业，因为它天生需要化石燃料作为原料，温室气体排放量高，供应链高度关联且复杂。该行业的复杂性使其难以确定如何、何时以及在何处进行干预。每个国家卷入石化行业的程度不尽相同，这使得解决方案的空间更加复杂，没有放之四海而皆准的政策建议。本研究通过考察石化行业的结构，将各国划分为不同组别，这些组别将对不同的脱碳解决方案做出类似的反应。石化行业国家原型 (CAP) 模型在一个三维网格中对 152 个国家进行了分类，并在网格四角建立了八个原型。讨论了每个原型的特点及其对脱碳战略的影响。CAP 模型有助于针对具体地区提出脱碳方案和投资建议，从而最成功地减少温室气体排放。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding public acceptance amidst controversy and ignorance: The case of industrial Carbon Capture and Storage in Germany 在争议和无知中了解公众的接受程度：德国工业碳捕集与封存案例

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103838

Felix Große-Kreul , Laura Altstadt , Aileen Reichmann , Nora Weber , Katja Witte

Carbon capture and storage technologies (CCS) are being discussed and tested in different countries to reduce industrial emissions. Public opinion about industrial CCS (iCCS) can be a key factor in whether it will be implemented. Yet, measuring public acceptance of CCS is a challenge: on the one hand, the use of CCS is the subject of intense and controversial political debate. On the other hand, a majority of people is still not aware of it. Thus, prior research has used informed choice questionnaires or experimental study designs to measure ad-hoc informed or spontaneous opinions. In this paper, we propose a new approach to measure public opinion, including only respondents with stated prior knowledge about iCCS. Based on a quantitative survey in Germany (n = 1845), three questions are examined: do the results support our new approach to measure public opinion about iCCS? To what extent is there acceptance of iCCS and what factors influence acceptance in Germany? And what are implications for both the national political level and for the local deployment of iCCS? Results from the regression analysis show that five attitudes influence the general acceptance of iCCS in Germany: perceived local risks of climate change, advantages outweigh disadvantages, arguments about unavoidable emissions and about iCCS as a bridge technology, and the acceptance of local storage. Furthermore, descriptive results show high levels of associated risks with the transportation of CO₂ and lacking trust in relevant stakeholders for iCCS deployment (industry and energy utilities).

各国正在讨论和测试碳捕集与封存技术（CCS），以减少工业排放。公众对工业碳捕集与封存技术（iCCS）的看法是决定该技术是否会被实施的关键因素。然而，衡量公众对 CCS 的接受程度是一项挑战：一方面，CCS 的使用是激烈和有争议的政治辩论的主题。另一方面，大多数人仍然不了解它。因此，以往的研究都是使用知情选择问卷或实验研究设计来测量临时知情或自发的意见。在本文中，我们提出了一种测量公众意见的新方法，只包括事先声明了解 iCCS 的受访者。基于在德国进行的一项定量调查（n = 1845），我们探讨了三个问题：调查结果是否支持我们衡量公众对 iCCS 意见的新方法？德国对 iCCS 的接受程度以及影响接受程度的因素有哪些？对国家政治层面和地方部署 iCCS 有何影响？回归分析的结果表明，有五种态度影响着德国对 iCCS 的普遍接受程度：认为当地存在气候变化风险、利大于弊、关于不可避免的排放和 iCCS 作为桥梁技术的论点，以及对当地储存的接受程度。此外，描述性结果表明，二氧化碳运输的相关风险水平较高，iCCS 部署的相关利益方（工业和能源公用事业）缺乏信任。

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引用次数: 0

Energy subsidies versus cash transfers: the causal effect of misperceptions on public support for countermeasures during the energy crisis 能源补贴与现金转移：能源危机期间误解对公众支持对策的因果效应

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103836

Mathilde Mus, Sophie de Rouilhan, Coralie Chevallier , Hugo Mercier

In reaction to the energy crisis that has unfolded since 2021, governments have implemented countermeasures to protect citizens against energy price hikes. In this article, we study public support for four government countermeasures in the United Kingdom and in France (N_total = 4600): energy subsidies and cash transfers, both either universal or targeted towards vulnerable households. In Study 1, we find that citizens prefer energy subsidies to cash transfers, and especially universal energy subsidies, despite their negative social and environmental impacts. In Study 2, we show that this preference for universal energy subsidies is partly due to widespread misperceptions about the cost, social impact, and environmental impact of this policy. Correcting these misperceptions lowers support for universal energy subsidies in the UK and increases relative mean support for the three other policies in France. In Study 3, we show that citizens also misperceive the effectiveness of targeted cash transfers, a policy that is socially fairer and more environmentally friendly than universal subsidies. Correcting this misperception increases support for targeted cash transfers in the UK but not in France.

为应对 2021 年以来爆发的能源危机，各国政府纷纷采取应对措施，保护公民免受能源价格上涨的影响。在本文中，我们研究了英国和法国（总人数 = 4600）公众对四种政府应对措施的支持情况：能源补贴和现金转移，这两种措施都具有普遍性或针对弱势家庭。在 "研究 1 "中，我们发现尽管能源补贴会对社会和环境造成负面影响，但与现金转移相比，公民更倾向于能源补贴，尤其是全民能源补贴。在研究 2 中，我们表明，公民之所以倾向于普遍能源补贴，部分原因在于他们对这一政策的成本、社会影响和环境影响普遍存在误解。纠正这些误解会降低英国对全民能源补贴的支持率，提高法国对其他三项政策的相对平均支持率。在 "研究 3 "中，我们发现公民对定向现金转移的有效性也存在误解，而这一政策在社会公平性和环境友好性方面都优于全民补贴。在英国，纠正这种误解会提高定向现金转移的支持率，但在法国却不会。

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引用次数: 0

Solar for tenants: Survey evidence on design and framing of citizen-financed photovoltaic projects in Switzerland 住户太阳能：瑞士公民出资光伏项目的设计和框架调查证据

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103819

Gracia Brückmann, Sophie Ruprecht, Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen

Solar photovoltaics (PV) on rooftops and existing infrastructure is a cost-effective and widely accepted technology that plays a crucial role in the energy transition. However, individual installations of PV systems are limited to property owners, excluding most tenants. This study focuses on a more inclusive type of PV, citizen-financed PV (CiFi PV) projects, and experimentally examines their social acceptance, distinguishing between socio-political and market acceptance. We studied design and framing of CiFi PV to make them appealing to tenants, while also considering the moderating role of individual predispositions. Empirically, we therefore relied on data from a survey experiment of 1674 tenants in Switzerland. The results show that projects with material reimbursement, a public or community provider, and proximity to local infrastructure are most likely to be rated positively and chosen in a choice task. Ideological predispositions are strongly correlated with these indicators of socio-political acceptance. Conversely, the analyses also reveal that project design cannot explain concrete investment intentions. However, targeted communication can enhance the willingness to invest in CiFi PV among those with lower propensities to invest. Most importantly, a promising way to promote individual tenants’ investment in renewable energy is to communicate about CiFi PV while emphasizing the collective dimension of the energy transition. This approach has the potential to increase investment intentions among politically right-leaning individuals, while it does not appear to significantly deter left-leaning and centrist individuals.

在屋顶和现有基础设施上安装太阳能光伏发电系统（PV）是一项具有成本效益且广为接受的技术，在能源转型中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，个人安装的光伏系统仅限于业主，不包括大多数租户。本研究侧重于更具包容性的光伏类型，即公民出资的光伏（CiFi PV）项目，并通过实验考察其社会接受度，区分社会政治接受度和市场接受度。我们研究了 CiFi 光伏项目的设计和框架，以使其对租户具有吸引力，同时还考虑了个人倾向的调节作用。因此，我们以瑞士 1674 个租户的调查实验数据为基础进行了实证研究。结果表明，在选择任务中，有物质补偿、公共或社区提供者以及靠近当地基础设施的项目最有可能获得积极评价并被选中。意识形态倾向与这些社会政治接受度指标密切相关。相反，分析还显示，项目设计不能解释具体的投资意向。然而，有针对性的宣传可以提高那些投资意愿较低的人群对 CiFi 光伏项目的投资意愿。最重要的是，促进个人租户投资可再生能源的一个可行方法是，在宣传 CiFi PV 的同时，强调能源转型的集体层面。这种方法有可能提高政治右倾者的投资意愿，而对左倾者和中间派似乎没有明显的威慑作用。

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引用次数: 0

Free competition, come hell or high water? How neoliberalism prevailed and why Finland allowed peat to decline in the midst of an energy crisis 自由竞争，地狱还是天堂？新自由主义如何盛行，以及芬兰为何允许泥炭在能源危机中衰退

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103832

Hugo Faber

Can advocates of fossil energy technologies in decline invoke energy security to influence energy politics? This article investigates how supporters of Finland's declining peat industry failed to do so, despite a window of opportunity presented by an energy crisis, Finland's dependency on imported Russian energy, and the abrupt end of these imports following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. By focusing on a case where invoking energy security has failed, it sheds light on the conditions that limit the political effects of energy security discourse, which has remained undertheorized in the literature. Using discursive policy analysis, the article analyses 22 expert interviews and 33 policy documents. It shows that neoliberal ideas about how to organize state-market relations can limit the political effects of energy security discourse, even when incumbent interests advocate for a domestic source of energy in times of war and energy crisis. In this case, neoliberalism made the peat decline and the fuel shortage appear as a “market problem” that did not warrant state intervention. The article uses insights from the Finnish case to theorize about the wider implications of how neoliberalism, energy security discourse, and energy crises interact, and how this affects the political influence of established energy interests. It suggests a research agenda on how neoliberalism affect energy transitions and energy politics, and argues that while neoliberalism can work against fossil industries in decline, it also risks impeding transitions to truly sustainable alternatives.

正在衰落的化石能源技术的拥护者能否以能源安全为由影响能源政治？尽管能源危机、芬兰对俄罗斯进口能源的依赖以及俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后进口能源的骤然终止为芬兰正在衰落的泥炭业提供了机会之窗，但本文调查了芬兰泥炭业的支持者是如何未能做到这一点的。通过关注一个援引能源安全失败的案例，该研究揭示了限制能源安全话语政治效应的条件，而这在文献中仍未得到充分论证。文章利用话语政策分析方法，分析了 22 份专家访谈和 33 份政策文件。文章表明，关于如何组织国家-市场关系的新自由主义思想会限制能源安全话语的政治效果，即使在战争和能源危机时期，当权利益集团主张国内能源来源时也是如此。在这种情况下，新自由主义使泥炭的减少和燃料的短缺看起来是一个 "市场问题"，不需要国家干预。文章利用从芬兰案例中获得的启示，从理论上探讨了新自由主义、能源安全论述和能源危机如何相互作用，以及这如何影响既有能源利益集团的政治影响力。文章提出了关于新自由主义如何影响能源转型和能源政治的研究议程，并认为新自由主义在对抗化石产业衰退的同时，也有可能阻碍向真正可持续替代品的转型。

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引用次数: 0

The sun is not enough: The slow solar transition in Arizona and Algeria 光靠太阳是不够的：亚利桑那州和阿尔及利亚缓慢的太阳能过渡

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103827

Martin J. Pasqualetti , Elizabeth Nelson , Mokhtar Benasla

As environmental worries rise with the growing demand for electricity, we are searching for a way to address both problems simultaneously. Although solar energy development can satisfy both challenges at the same time, its vast potential remains largely untapped. Why is that? We address this question by examining solar development in two places that should be pace-setters of a solar transition in their respective parts of the world: Arizona and Algeria. Despite virtually identical solar assets, both places have been equally slow to transition more enthusiastically to a solar energy future. Even with their obvious differences in scale and history, they have several characteristics in common, such as high growth rates, similar population clustering patterns, extensive open spaces, and comparable percentages of off-grid Indigenous residents. We divide our appraisal into four parts: (1) The allure and acceptance of solar energy, (2) The Arizona/Algeria comparison, (3) The present status of solar development, and (4) The current barriers to solar adoption. Our findings underscore resource abundance alone cannot drive large-scale solar energy adoption. This research highlights the wisdom of addressing broader socioeconomic, political, and infrastructural factors that lead to a meaningful transition to solar energy. The results offer critical insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to accelerate solar energy deployment and create a more sustainable energy future.

随着对电力需求的不断增长，对环境的担忧也随之增加，我们正在寻找同时解决这两个问题的方法。尽管太阳能开发可以同时满足这两个挑战，但其巨大潜力在很大程度上仍未得到开发。这是为什么呢？为了解决这个问题，我们考察了两个地方的太阳能发展情况，这两个地方本应成为世界太阳能转型的先行者：亚利桑那州和阿尔及利亚。尽管太阳能资产几乎完全相同，但这两个地方在更积极地向太阳能未来过渡方面却同样缓慢。尽管在规模和历史上存在明显差异，但这两个地方也有一些共同特点，例如高增长率、相似的人口聚集模式、广阔的开放空间以及可比的离网土著居民比例。我们的评估分为四个部分：(1) 太阳能的诱惑力和接受度，(2) 亚利桑那州与阿尔及利亚的比较，(3) 太阳能发展现状，(4) 目前采用太阳能的障碍。我们的研究结果表明，仅靠资源丰富无法推动太阳能的大规模应用。这项研究强调了解决更广泛的社会经济、政治和基础设施因素的智慧，这些因素会导致向太阳能的有意义的过渡。研究结果为决策者和利益相关者提供了重要的见解，帮助他们加快太阳能的应用，创造更加可持续的能源未来。

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引用次数: 0

Do they really mean it? What the conservative climate caucus is for and against 他们真的是认真的吗？保守派气候核心小组的赞成和反对意见

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103835

Jean-Daniel Collomb

I investigate the ideas and favored policies of the Conservative Climate Caucus, founded by Representative John Curtis in June 2021, with a view to raising awareness of climate change among Congressional Republicans and cobbling together climate policies that Republicans could be willing to approve. Uncovering the substance of their propositions can help one assess the actual potential for a departure from a Republican approach to energy policy that does not take heed of climate change. The statements and policy proposals of Conservative Climate Caucus members are analyzed along five distinct dimensions: (1) the proper role of the government in the energy sector, (2) the role of fossil fuels in the future energy mix of the United States, (3) the geopolitical dimension of US energy production, (4) the prospects of bipartisanship in energy policy, and (5) the link between economic growth and decarbonization. This qualitative analysis suggests that the members of the caucus tend to remain largely aligned with mainstream Republican hostility toward new regulations and taxes, climate multilateralism, and the phasing out of fossil fuels, but are much more open to federal support for green technologies than Republicans aligned with Donald Trump. Further, their persistent adherence to negative partisanship makes future cooperation with Democrats on policies they may agree on unlikely.

约翰-柯蒂斯众议员于 2021 年 6 月成立了 "保守派气候核心小组"（Conservative Climate Caucus），旨在提高国会共和党人对气候变化的认识，并整合出共和党人可能愿意批准的气候政策。揭示其主张的实质有助于评估共和党在能源政策上偏离不重视气候变化的做法的实际可能性。保守派气候核心小组成员的声明和政策建议从五个不同的方面进行了分析：（1）政府在能源领域的适当角色，（2）化石燃料在美国未来能源结构中的作用，（3）美国能源生产的地缘政治层面，（4）两党在能源政策方面的前景，以及（5）经济增长与去碳化之间的联系。定性分析表明，该核心小组的成员在很大程度上倾向于与共和党主流派保持一致，即敌视新法规和税收、气候多边主义以及逐步淘汰化石燃料，但与支持唐纳德-特朗普的共和党人相比，他们更愿意接受联邦政府对绿色技术的支持。此外，他们对消极党派主义的顽固坚持使得未来与民主党人在可能达成一致的政策上进行合作的可能性不大。

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引用次数: 0

Scaling up solar cooking studies: A modeling framework for planning sustainable transition of the bakery sector 扩大太阳能烹饪研究：规划烘焙业可持续转型的建模框架

IF 6.9 2区经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Energy Research & Social Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103815

Benjamin Pillot , Guillaume Guimbretière , Christophe Révillion , Corrie Mathiak , Romain Authier

The recent rise of energy prices in Europe has directly impacted retail trade such as artisan bakeries. While energy transition is now a tangible aim for the bakery sector, apprehending its near future requires reconciling scales of analysis: from the baking technology to the territory where bakers and bread consumers will interact, based on aspects such as bakery organization, bread type or population dietary behavior. The solar cooking literature typically synthesizes such a fork in the road: the device (solar cooker) has been deeply scrutinized and improved, but wider socio-technical approaches are now required to eventually trigger changes at the sector level. Based on those elements, we thus propose a modeling framework with spatiotemporal granularity that integrates the various scales of analysis for planning sustainable transition of the bakery sector. We then derive decision-aid indicators for assessing information such as bread accessibility & viability, bread turnover (baked bread that is actually consumed), economic return or environmental impact. Finally, we apply this set of tools to the specific example of direct solar baking and demonstrate the various potential applications – regional to continental-scale spatial mapping, geolocated time series, etc. – by producing benchmark results and scenarios across the western European territory.

最近欧洲能源价格的上涨直接影响了手工面包店等零售业。虽然能源转型已成为烘焙业的一个具体目标，但要了解其近期前景，就必须协调各种分析尺度：从烘焙技术到烘焙师和面包消费者互动的领域，这些尺度基于烘焙组织、面包类型或人口饮食行为等方面。太阳能烹饪的文献通常综合了这样一个岔路口：设备（太阳能灶）已得到深入研究和改进，但现在需要更广泛的社会技术方法来最终引发行业层面的变革。基于这些要素，我们提出了一个具有时空粒度的建模框架，该框架整合了各种分析尺度，用于规划烘焙行业的可持续转型。然后，我们推导出辅助决策指标，用于评估面包的可及性、可行性、面包营业额（实际消费的烘焙面包）、经济回报或环境影响等信息。最后，我们将这套工具应用于太阳能直接烘焙的具体实例，并展示了各种潜在应用--区域到大陆范围的空间制图、地理定位时间序列等。- 通过在整个西欧地区生成基准结果和方案，展示了各种潜在的应用--区域到大陆范围的空间制图、地理定位时间序列等。

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引用次数: 0