{"title":"Specnuezhenide Alleviates Senile Osteoporosis by Activating TGR5/FXR Signaling in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and RANKL-Induced Osteoclasts.","authors":"Xuehui Deng, Bingfeng Lin, Wenlong Xiao, Fang Wang, Pingcui Xu, Nani Wang","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S493711","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Specnuezhenide (SPN) is an iridoid glycoside isolated from <i>Fructus Ligustri Lucidi</i>, an herb prescribed for the treatment of senile osteoporosis. However, the direct role of SPN on bone metabolism remains unclear. In this study, the effects of SPN on d-galactose (d-gal)-induced mice, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclasts were examined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Micro-computed tomography was used to observe the bone microstructure. Osteogenesis was examined using Western blotting and alkaline phosphatase staining. Osteoclastogenesis was examined using Western blotting and F-actin ring staining. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase was used to detect cell senescence. In addition, the expression of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway-related genes and proteins was determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oral administration of SPN improved the bone microstructure in d-gal-induced mice and increased bone mineral density, bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number. SPN also upregulated the expression of the osteogenesis markers osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and runt-related transcription factor 2 and downregulated the expression of the osteoclasis markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, nuclear factor-κB, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells in the d-gal-induced bone. Furthermore, SPN increased alkaline phosphatase staining, inhibited F-actin ring formation, and reduced the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in vitro. Mechanistically, SPN activated the TGR5/FXR pathway in d-gal-induced BMSCs and osteoclasts. The protective effects of SPN were abolished after addition of the TGR5 inhibitor SBI-115 or FXR inhibitor DY268. Moreover, SPN could elevate the protein and mRNA levels of TGR5, FXR, and the downstream small heterodimer partner in d-gal-induced bone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SPN alleviated senile osteoporosis and cell senescence by activating the TGR5/FXR pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":11290,"journal":{"name":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy","volume":"19 ","pages":"1595-1608"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11892377/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S493711","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Specnuezhenide (SPN) is an iridoid glycoside isolated from Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, an herb prescribed for the treatment of senile osteoporosis. However, the direct role of SPN on bone metabolism remains unclear. In this study, the effects of SPN on d-galactose (d-gal)-induced mice, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclasts were examined.
Methods: Micro-computed tomography was used to observe the bone microstructure. Osteogenesis was examined using Western blotting and alkaline phosphatase staining. Osteoclastogenesis was examined using Western blotting and F-actin ring staining. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase was used to detect cell senescence. In addition, the expression of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway-related genes and proteins was determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence.
Results: Oral administration of SPN improved the bone microstructure in d-gal-induced mice and increased bone mineral density, bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number. SPN also upregulated the expression of the osteogenesis markers osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and runt-related transcription factor 2 and downregulated the expression of the osteoclasis markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, nuclear factor-κB, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells in the d-gal-induced bone. Furthermore, SPN increased alkaline phosphatase staining, inhibited F-actin ring formation, and reduced the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in vitro. Mechanistically, SPN activated the TGR5/FXR pathway in d-gal-induced BMSCs and osteoclasts. The protective effects of SPN were abolished after addition of the TGR5 inhibitor SBI-115 or FXR inhibitor DY268. Moreover, SPN could elevate the protein and mRNA levels of TGR5, FXR, and the downstream small heterodimer partner in d-gal-induced bone.
Conclusion: SPN alleviated senile osteoporosis and cell senescence by activating the TGR5/FXR pathway.
期刊介绍：
Drug Design, Development and Therapy is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal that spans the spectrum of drug design, discovery and development through to clinical applications.
The journal is characterized by the rapid reporting of high-quality original research, reviews, expert opinions, commentary and clinical studies in all therapeutic areas.
Specific topics covered by the journal include:
Drug target identification and validation
Phenotypic screening and target deconvolution
Biochemical analyses of drug targets and their pathways
New methods or relevant applications in molecular/drug design and computer-aided drug discovery*
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel biologically active compounds (including diagnostics or chemical probes)
Structural or molecular biological studies elucidating molecular recognition processes
Fragment-based drug discovery
Pharmaceutical/red biotechnology
Isolation, structural characterization, (bio)synthesis, bioengineering and pharmacological evaluation of natural products**
Distribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolic transformations of drugs or biologically active compounds in drug development
Drug delivery and formulation (design and characterization of dosage forms, release mechanisms and in vivo testing)
Preclinical development studies
Translational animal models
Mechanisms of action and signalling pathways
Toxicology
Gene therapy, cell therapy and immunotherapy
Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics
Clinical drug evaluation
Patient safety and sustained use of medicines.
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
分享
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
扫码关注我们
