Bioplastic production using waste macroalgal biomass: A holistic review on challenges, prospects, economic viability and sustainability analysis

Abstract

Plastic pollution has emerged as a critical environmental issue, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable alternatives such as bioplastics. While traditional bioplastics are typically derived from sources like corn starch, sugarcane bagasse, wheat starch, and chitosan, newer options like macroalgae are gaining attraction as viable feedstocks. This comprehensive review delves into the diverse advantages of utilizing macroalgae-based bioplastics, including their rapid growth rate, minimal land requirements, and the potential for utilizing waste biomass. These inherent benefits position macroalgae as an appealing source, particularly for industries such as packaging, agriculture, and medical applications like wound dressings. Moreover, the greenhouse gas emissions associated with macroalgae bioplastics are significantly lower than those generated by conventional plastics. From an economic standpoint, the scalability of macroalgae-based bioplastic production holds promises for cost-effectiveness. However, achieving competitive costs hinges on advancements in cultivation and extraction techniques. Sustainability assessments further underscore the environmental promise of macroalgae-based bioplastics, particularly if energy-efficient processes are adopted to mitigate emissions and environmental impact. Despite the encouraging outlook, several key technical challenges must be addressed, such as refining extraction methods and enhancing the mechanical properties of macroalgae-based bioplastics to meet industry standards. This review emphasizes the critical role of interdisciplinary research and cross-sector collaboration in surmounting these obstacles and advancing a circular economy. The development of bioplastics from macroalgae presents a compelling opportunity to combat plastic pollution while simultaneously enhancing environmental and economic sustainability.