Evaluating Magnetization Losses in 3-D CORC Tapes With Integral and Finite-Element Methods

Abstract

The complex electromagnetic behavior of conductor on round core (CORC), compounded by the high aspect ratio of superconducting tapes and the microscale thickness of REBCO layers, necessitates robust 3-D numerical tools. This article compares 3-D finite-element methods (FEMs) and integral equation methods (IEMs) for analyzing magnetization losses in superconducting tapes of CORC cables. Specifically, state-of-the-art FEM formulations, including the $H$, $H-\varphi _{m}$, and $T-A$ methods, are benchmarked against a surface-based IEM approach. The numerical implementation strategies, computational efficiency, and performance of these methods are examined, emphasizing their strengths and limitations in addressing critical phenomena such as ac losses.