Pub Date : 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3553829
D. Willén;M. Sedén;M. Pitzer;V. Roudriges-Zermeno;C. Thidemann;J. Kunert;D. D. Tjahjanto;C. Frohne;O. Holte;C. Wolff;W. Prusseit;C. Hintze;R. Bach;P. Mansheim;W. T. B. de Sousa;M. Noe;A. Alekseev;P. Michalek;R. Prinz
The SuperLink Project develops, since 2020, a superconducting HTS cable technology suitable for the transmission of 500 MVA at the 110 kV level in the network of Stadtwerke München (SWM). A system consisting of a cable cryostat, the superconducting cable, joints, splitterboxes, terminations and a separate return line for the coolant has been developed and tested according to the specifications of the user and project coordinator SWM. It uses high-performing HTS wires, a fully polymeric cryogenic dielectric with low dielectric losses and a novel former concept compensating the thermal contraction. These components have been tested individually and together according to the test standard IEC 63075 and will be operated in the 150 m demonstrator of the project in the network of SWM. Due to limited availability of space in big-city environments, one utility requirement is to minimize the number of cooling stations along the length of a 15 km circuit in Munich. This demands very low loss-levels for the cable and cryostat and has required the development of novel cooling architectures and advanced electrical-, thermal- and hydraulic- modelling tools. Some of the modeling methods and key measured results are presented in this article.
{"title":"Development of the Superlink HTS Cable System for Implementation in Munich","authors":"D. Willén;M. Sedén;M. Pitzer;V. Roudriges-Zermeno;C. Thidemann;J. Kunert;D. D. Tjahjanto;C. Frohne;O. Holte;C. Wolff;W. Prusseit;C. Hintze;R. Bach;P. Mansheim;W. T. B. de Sousa;M. Noe;A. Alekseev;P. Michalek;R. Prinz","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3553829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3553829","url":null,"abstract":"The SuperLink Project develops, since 2020, a superconducting HTS cable technology suitable for the transmission of 500 MVA at the 110 kV level in the network of Stadtwerke München (SWM). A system consisting of a cable cryostat, the superconducting cable, joints, splitterboxes, terminations and a separate return line for the coolant has been developed and tested according to the specifications of the user and project coordinator SWM. It uses high-performing HTS wires, a fully polymeric cryogenic dielectric with low dielectric losses and a novel former concept compensating the thermal contraction. These components have been tested individually and together according to the test standard IEC 63075 and will be operated in the 150 m demonstrator of the project in the network of SWM. Due to limited availability of space in big-city environments, one utility requirement is to minimize the number of cooling stations along the length of a 15 km circuit in Munich. This demands very low loss-levels for the cable and cryostat and has required the development of novel cooling architectures and advanced electrical-, thermal- and hydraulic- modelling tools. Some of the modeling methods and key measured results are presented in this article.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fabrication of a prototype toroidal field (TF) coil for the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) represents a critical component of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor project. The CRAFT TF coil, characterized by its distinctive “D” shape, measures approximately 19.5 m in length, 11.5 m in width, and 1.1 m in height. The coil incorporates Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit conductors in both its high-field and medium-field windings. Owing to the intense sensitivity of Nb3Sn superconductors to stress and strain, the manufacturing process will adhere to the established “wind and react” methodology. Among the various manufacturing stages, heat treatment emerges as a pivotal step in the production of TF Nb3Sn coil. We have engineered China's largest superconducting coil heat treatment facility, incorporating a fully argon-purged oven environment. This investigation primarily addresses the computational modeling and experimental validation of thermal gradients and fluid dynamics within the system. The design specifications, structural configuration, and processing parameters of the CRAFT TF heat treatment system have been experimentally validated. System performance evaluation demonstrates compliance with technical specifications, particularly in maintaining temperature uniformity within ±5 °C during the critical 650 °C stabilization phase.
{"title":"Heat Treatment of Large Nb3Sn Coil for CRAFT TF","authors":"Yifei Wu;Min Yu;Ming Deng;Weijie Gu;Bin Hu;Baozhu Zhang;ZhongRen Li;Ying Wang;Wei Wen;Yu Wu;Jinggang Qin;Weijun Wang","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3558800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3558800","url":null,"abstract":"The fabrication of a prototype toroidal field (TF) coil for the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) represents a critical component of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor project. The CRAFT TF coil, characterized by its distinctive “D” shape, measures approximately 19.5 m in length, 11.5 m in width, and 1.1 m in height. The coil incorporates Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn cable-in-conduit conductors in both its high-field and medium-field windings. Owing to the intense sensitivity of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn superconductors to stress and strain, the manufacturing process will adhere to the established “wind and react” methodology. Among the various manufacturing stages, heat treatment emerges as a pivotal step in the production of TF Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn coil. We have engineered China's largest superconducting coil heat treatment facility, incorporating a fully argon-purged oven environment. This investigation primarily addresses the computational modeling and experimental validation of thermal gradients and fluid dynamics within the system. The design specifications, structural configuration, and processing parameters of the CRAFT TF heat treatment system have been experimentally validated. System performance evaluation demonstrates compliance with technical specifications, particularly in maintaining temperature uniformity within ±5 °C during the critical 650 °C stabilization phase.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 4","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article mainly shares an ac loss numerical study of a stacked Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) cable with stepped grooves in 77 K. The model divided YBCO tapes to three layers to balance the accuracy and efficiency. AC loss contributions and Eddy current losses are estimated in detail at various magnetic fields and frequencies. A conventional configuration of TSTC is researched for comparison. With the same number of tapes, the stepped-slot structure is less affected by the magnetic field, resulting in a higher critical current and a lower ac loss compared to the traditional structure. When the current frequency is varied, the stepped-slot structure cable also exhibits lower ac losses. The ac losses in the superconducting layer are greater than the Eddy current losses, which is in contrast to the traditional structure where the Eddy current losses far exceeds the ac losses. As for the study on tape configuration, a more balanced distribution of tapes between the two slots in the stepped-slot structure leads to a reduction in both the external field and frequency dependence, thereby improving the ac losses performance.
{"title":"AC Losses Analysis on a Twisted Stacked-Tape Cable With Stepped Grooves","authors":"Junfeng Yang;Yifeng Li;Tao Ma;Zhonghang Li;Peng Yu","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3558431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3558431","url":null,"abstract":"This article mainly shares an ac loss numerical study of a stacked Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) cable with stepped grooves in 77 K. The model divided YBCO tapes to three layers to balance the accuracy and efficiency. AC loss contributions and Eddy current losses are estimated in detail at various magnetic fields and frequencies. A conventional configuration of TSTC is researched for comparison. With the same number of tapes, the stepped-slot structure is less affected by the magnetic field, resulting in a higher critical current and a lower ac loss compared to the traditional structure. When the current frequency is varied, the stepped-slot structure cable also exhibits lower ac losses. The ac losses in the superconducting layer are greater than the Eddy current losses, which is in contrast to the traditional structure where the Eddy current losses far exceeds the ac losses. As for the study on tape configuration, a more balanced distribution of tapes between the two slots in the stepped-slot structure leads to a reduction in both the external field and frequency dependence, thereby improving the ac losses performance.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 4","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3557764
Mingliang Zhang;Liru Liu;Yongjun Shen;Kai Cui
In order to avoid the abnormal vibration behavior of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) flux-pinned magnetic levitation (maglev) train at high velocity (reach up to more than 500 km/h) due to the external interference from the suspension frame system, the vibration characteristics of suspension frame system are studied. First, the levitation force between the HTS combination and the permanent magnet guideway (PMG) is measured by way of the quasi-static test platform, and the empirical formula of levitation force is obtained. Then, the nonlinear vibration differential equation of the suspension frame system under the track irregularity harmonic excitation is established. The first approximate solution is obtained based on the multiscale method, which is verified by way of the numerical solution. Finally, the amplitude–frequency response equation of the suspension frame system under the primary resonance is derived; thus, the influence of running velocity, track irregularity wavelength, and amplitude on the steady-state amplitude is studied. An analytical method for determining the feasible domain of track irregularity parameters under different running velocity is proposed based on the safety standard of the maglev train. The effective domain of track irregularity parameters can be obtained. The methodology and results of this article provide a theoretical foundation for constructing PMG of the HTS flux-pinned maglev train.
{"title":"Study on the Vibration Characteristics of Suspension Frame System for Maglev Train Under Track Irregularity Harmonic Excitation","authors":"Mingliang Zhang;Liru Liu;Yongjun Shen;Kai Cui","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3557764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3557764","url":null,"abstract":"In order to avoid the abnormal vibration behavior of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) flux-pinned magnetic levitation (maglev) train at high velocity (reach up to more than 500 km/h) due to the external interference from the suspension frame system, the vibration characteristics of suspension frame system are studied. First, the levitation force between the HTS combination and the permanent magnet guideway (PMG) is measured by way of the quasi-static test platform, and the empirical formula of levitation force is obtained. Then, the nonlinear vibration differential equation of the suspension frame system under the track irregularity harmonic excitation is established. The first approximate solution is obtained based on the multiscale method, which is verified by way of the numerical solution. Finally, the amplitude–frequency response equation of the suspension frame system under the primary resonance is derived; thus, the influence of running velocity, track irregularity wavelength, and amplitude on the steady-state amplitude is studied. An analytical method for determining the feasible domain of track irregularity parameters under different running velocity is proposed based on the safety standard of the maglev train. The effective domain of track irregularity parameters can be obtained. The methodology and results of this article provide a theoretical foundation for constructing PMG of the HTS flux-pinned maglev train.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 4","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When considering cooling of high-temperature superconducting equipment, it is not always possible to install the refrigerator and the superconducting equipment close to each other. For this reason, we are researching technology to cool superconducting equipment efficiently by circulating a refrigerant. We aim to achieve high efficiency by combining this circulating cooling with magnetic refrigeration technology. Magnetic refrigeration requires a magnetic field change to be applied to the magnetic material. To achieve high magnetic refrigeration capacity it is essential to include a superconducting magnet in the system. Consequently, we are investigating the feasibility of a system that inserts and removes a magnetic shield to provide the required magnetic field variation. We have previously investigated the possibility of using superconducting materials as magnetic shielding materials, and reported the magnetic shielding effect of YBCO bulk material and YBCO wire laminates at 77 K. In this study, we confirmed the shielding effect at approximately 65 K under reduced pressure using liquid nitrogen for YBCO bulk materials with different outer diameters and thicknesses. From the results obtained from these experiments, we estimated the temperature dependence of the critical current density of the bulk material, and through analysis, estimated the magnetic shielding ability up to 20 K. It was suggested that a magnetic shield exceeding 5 T is possible at the 20 K level, and that a high refrigeration performance applicable to the reliquefaction of liquid hydrogen can be achieved.
{"title":"Fundamental Research on Magnetic Shielding of High-Temperature Superconducting Bulk Materials for Magnetic Refrigeration Applications","authors":"Naoki Hirano;Yuta Onodera;Shota Osaka;Tetsuji Okamura","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3557782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3557782","url":null,"abstract":"When considering cooling of high-temperature superconducting equipment, it is not always possible to install the refrigerator and the superconducting equipment close to each other. For this reason, we are researching technology to cool superconducting equipment efficiently by circulating a refrigerant. We aim to achieve high efficiency by combining this circulating cooling with magnetic refrigeration technology. Magnetic refrigeration requires a magnetic field change to be applied to the magnetic material. To achieve high magnetic refrigeration capacity it is essential to include a superconducting magnet in the system. Consequently, we are investigating the feasibility of a system that inserts and removes a magnetic shield to provide the required magnetic field variation. We have previously investigated the possibility of using superconducting materials as magnetic shielding materials, and reported the magnetic shielding effect of YBCO bulk material and YBCO wire laminates at 77 K. In this study, we confirmed the shielding effect at approximately 65 K under reduced pressure using liquid nitrogen for YBCO bulk materials with different outer diameters and thicknesses. From the results obtained from these experiments, we estimated the temperature dependence of the critical current density of the bulk material, and through analysis, estimated the magnetic shielding ability up to 20 K. It was suggested that a magnetic shield exceeding 5 T is possible at the 20 K level, and that a high refrigeration performance applicable to the reliquefaction of liquid hydrogen can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3552315
Paul Mensah;Spencer Martin;Nagaraju Guvvala;Peter Cheetham;Sastry V. Pamidi
Finite element analysis (FEA) aided electrical insulation system designs for high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables for electric transport platforms are reported. Partial discharge measurements were performed on fabricated model cables to validate the FEA. A combination of an epoxy-based electrical insulation, EP29, and a conductive epoxy, EP21, was used to create well-bonded insulation and ground layers. The enhanced bonding and the absence of voids at the interface between the insulation and ground layers improved the dielectric performance of the model HTS cables.
{"title":"Electric Field Analysis and Partial Discharge Measurements-Aided Design of Electrical Insulation Systems for HTS Cables for Electric Transportation","authors":"Paul Mensah;Spencer Martin;Nagaraju Guvvala;Peter Cheetham;Sastry V. Pamidi","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3552315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3552315","url":null,"abstract":"Finite element analysis (FEA) aided electrical insulation system designs for high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables for electric transport platforms are reported. Partial discharge measurements were performed on fabricated model cables to validate the FEA. A combination of an epoxy-based electrical insulation, EP29, and a conductive epoxy, EP21, was used to create well-bonded insulation and ground layers. The enhanced bonding and the absence of voids at the interface between the insulation and ground layers improved the dielectric performance of the model HTS cables.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3555643
S. Y. Gao;X. Y. Tan;H. Zhang;F. G. Cai;X. S. Yang;J. Jiang;B. Y. Shen;Y. Zhao
Due to the high critical current density and isotropic properties of stacked-tape high-temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors, they become potential candidates for fusion magnets. However, when used in fusion magnets, significant magnetization ac loss can generate heat, burden the cooling system, and even lead to quench. Therefore, evaluating and optimizing the magnetization ac loss of twisted stacked-tape cables (TSTCs) is crucial. The total magnetization ac loss of twisted stacked HTS cables was measured using the nitrogen boil-off method with various frame materials and twisting angles subjected to an alternating magnetic field, thereby optimizing the structure of TSTCs to reduce magnetization ac loss. In addition, twisted stacked-tape cables were simulated using a 3D T-A equation, whose results were compared with the measurements. This article comprehensively explained the effect of the twisting angle in magnetization ac loss, and proposed a new structure of the twisted stacked-tape conductor to further reduce magnetization ac loss. The novel structure design and optimization methods can be beneficial for designing future HTS conductors for fusion magnets.
{"title":"Reducing Magnetization AC Loss in Twisted-Stacked HTS Cables","authors":"S. Y. Gao;X. Y. Tan;H. Zhang;F. G. Cai;X. S. Yang;J. Jiang;B. Y. Shen;Y. Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3555643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3555643","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the high critical current density and isotropic properties of stacked-tape high-temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors, they become potential candidates for fusion magnets. However, when used in fusion magnets, significant magnetization ac loss can generate heat, burden the cooling system, and even lead to quench. Therefore, evaluating and optimizing the magnetization ac loss of twisted stacked-tape cables (TSTCs) is crucial. The total magnetization ac loss of twisted stacked HTS cables was measured using the nitrogen boil-off method with various frame materials and twisting angles subjected to an alternating magnetic field, thereby optimizing the structure of TSTCs to reduce magnetization ac loss. In addition, twisted stacked-tape cables were simulated using a 3D T-A equation, whose results were compared with the measurements. This article comprehensively explained the effect of the twisting angle in magnetization ac loss, and proposed a new structure of the twisted stacked-tape conductor to further reduce magnetization ac loss. The novel structure design and optimization methods can be beneficial for designing future HTS conductors for fusion magnets.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 4","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3556394
Quoc Hung Pham;Mathias Noe
Superconductors have a highly nonlinear current voltage curve that is already used in various applications, such as, for example, in fault current limiters, flux pumps, and persistent mode magnets. It is already known that the dynamic resistance of superconductors can be switched on and off with external magnetic fields. This article applies this knowledge and demonstrates for the first-time experiments with a full-bridge inverter that uses the dynamic resistance of high-temperature superconductors triggered by external magnetic fields as switching elements. For a basic experimental setup, the influence of magnetic field, frequency, and superconductor properties on the behavior of the inverter was investigated. As a result, the principle of a full-bridge current-driven inverter using the dynamic resistance of superconductors and operating in short-circuit output condition is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that, with reference to the considered short-circuit operation, commutation times down to 5 ms were achieved and that a further reduction is possible by increasing the superconductor length that is exposed to magnetic fields. Long operation times of up to 120 s have been achieved. An upscaling towards faster switching times and higher voltages are possible by further increasing superconductor length.
{"title":"Basic Experiments With a Superconducting Full-Bridge Current-Driven Inverter","authors":"Quoc Hung Pham;Mathias Noe","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3556394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3556394","url":null,"abstract":"Superconductors have a highly nonlinear current voltage curve that is already used in various applications, such as, for example, in fault current limiters, flux pumps, and persistent mode magnets. It is already known that the dynamic resistance of superconductors can be switched <sc>on</small> and <sc>off</small> with external magnetic fields. This article applies this knowledge and demonstrates for the first-time experiments with a full-bridge inverter that uses the dynamic resistance of high-temperature superconductors triggered by external magnetic fields as switching elements. For a basic experimental setup, the influence of magnetic field, frequency, and superconductor properties on the behavior of the inverter was investigated. As a result, the principle of a full-bridge current-driven inverter using the dynamic resistance of superconductors and operating in short-circuit output condition is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that, with reference to the considered short-circuit operation, commutation times down to 5 ms were achieved and that a further reduction is possible by increasing the superconductor length that is exposed to magnetic fields. Long operation times of up to 120 s have been achieved. An upscaling towards faster switching times and higher voltages are possible by further increasing superconductor length.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 4","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-temperature-superconducting (HTS) coils have been attracting more and more attention in electrical machines as excitation coils due to its zero-resistance characteristic. However, the quench of HTS-excitation coil will seriously threat the safe operation of electrical machines. At present, the voltage detection method is mostly applied to detect the quench of HTS coils. However, the traditional voltage detection method cannot eliminate the influence of induced voltage coupled in terminal voltage of HTS-excitation coils, thus commonly causing quench misjudgment. Therefore, a quench detection method for structure symmetric HTS electrical machines is developed in this paper. The key of the proposed method is to eliminate the induced voltage by calculating the difference between the terminal voltages of HTS-excitation coils in symmetrical positions, thus significantly enhancing the accuracy of the quench voltage detection. By using the finite element analysis (FEA) applying the proposed method in a double-stator HTS machine (DS-HTSM), its validation is verified.
{"title":"Quench Detection Method for HTS Machines by Differencing Terminal Voltage of HTS Coils in Symmetrical Positions","authors":"Shaorui Wang;Xianglin Li;Mingzhe Sang;Zhiheng Zhang;Qidong Zhan;Wei Hua","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3556399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3556399","url":null,"abstract":"High-temperature-superconducting (HTS) coils have been attracting more and more attention in electrical machines as excitation coils due to its zero-resistance characteristic. However, the quench of HTS-excitation coil will seriously threat the safe operation of electrical machines. At present, the voltage detection method is mostly applied to detect the quench of HTS coils. However, the traditional voltage detection method cannot eliminate the influence of induced voltage coupled in terminal voltage of HTS-excitation coils, thus commonly causing quench misjudgment. Therefore, a quench detection method for structure symmetric HTS electrical machines is developed in this paper. The key of the proposed method is to eliminate the induced voltage by calculating the difference between the terminal voltages of HTS-excitation coils in symmetrical positions, thus significantly enhancing the accuracy of the quench voltage detection. By using the finite element analysis (FEA) applying the proposed method in a double-stator HTS machine (DS-HTSM), its validation is verified.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beam separation dipole magnets (D1 magnet, MBXF) will be installed on both sides of two interaction points (ATLAS and CMS) for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade (HL-LHC). High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) is responsible for delivering one full-scale prototype and six series production cold masses to the HL-LHC project. Three series production magnets (MBXF1, 5, and 2, in order of testing) and the prototype cold mass (LMBXFP1) have been constructed by Hitachi, Ltd. after technological transfer from KEK. Cold powering tests of the series production magnets were conducted at KEK. The quench current reached the ultimate current corresponding to the peak field of 6.0 T and the load line ratio of 83% . MBXF1 and 2 experienced a full thermal cycle and good training memory was confirmed. The results of magnetic field measurements show that the integrated multipole coefficients are reproducible among three series production magnets and controlled as expected from the simulations. A horizontal cold powering test of LMBXFP1 with an LHC cryostat was performed at CERN. Measured multipole coefficients were consistent with the calculation results, suggesting the validity of the magnetic design considering the effect of the ferromagnetic cryostat.
{"title":"Status of Production of Beam Separation Dipole Magnets for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade","authors":"M. Sugano;K. Suzuki;T. Nakamoto;Y. Ikemoto;H. Kawamata;T. Ogitsu;N. Okada;K. Tanaka;N. Takahashi;A. Terashima;S. Kido;M. Yanagisawa;T. Tahara;N. Kimura;T. Ichihara;G. Willering;L. Fiscarelli;J.C. Perez;E. Todesco","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3556093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3556093","url":null,"abstract":"Beam separation dipole magnets (D1 magnet, MBXF) will be installed on both sides of two interaction points (ATLAS and CMS) for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade (HL-LHC). High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) is responsible for delivering one full-scale prototype and six series production cold masses to the HL-LHC project. Three series production magnets (MBXF1, 5, and 2, in order of testing) and the prototype cold mass (LMBXFP1) have been constructed by Hitachi, Ltd. after technological transfer from KEK. Cold powering tests of the series production magnets were conducted at KEK. The quench current reached the ultimate current corresponding to the peak field of 6.0 T and the load line ratio of 83% . MBXF1 and 2 experienced a full thermal cycle and good training memory was confirmed. The results of magnetic field measurements show that the integrated multipole coefficients are reproducible among three series production magnets and controlled as expected from the simulations. A horizontal cold powering test of LMBXFP1 with an LHC cryostat was performed at CERN. Measured multipole coefficients were consistent with the calculation results, suggesting the validity of the magnetic design considering the effect of the ferromagnetic cryostat.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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