Endocannabinoid system upregulates the enrichment and differentiation of human iPSC- derived spermatogonial stem cells via CB2R agonism.

Abstract

Background: Male factor infertility (MFI) is responsible for 50% of infertility cases and in 15% of the cases sperm is absent due to germ cell aplasia. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived spermatogonial stem cells (hSSCs) could serve as an autologous germ cell source for MFI in patients with an insufficient sperm yield for assisted reproductive technology (ART). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been implicated to play a role in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and the human testicular environment. However, the contribution of the ECS in hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived hSSCs is currently unknown. Here, we aimed to assess whether hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived hSSCs are regulated by components of the ECS and whether manipulation of the ECS could increase the yield of hiPSC-derived SSCs and serve as an autologous cell-based source for treatment of MFI.

Methods: We reprogrammed human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) to hiPSCs, induced differentiation of hSSC from hiPSCs and evaluated the presence of ECS ligands (AEA, 2-AG) by LC/MS, receptors (CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1, GPR55) by qPCR, flow cytometry and immunofluorescent labeling. We then examined the efficacy of endogenous and synthetic selective ligands (ACPA, CB65, CSP, ML184) on proliferation of hiPSCs using real-time cell analysis (RTCA) and assessed the effects of on CB2R agonism on hiPSC pluripotency and differentiation to hSSCs.

Results: hiPSCs from hDFs expressed the pluripotency markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, SSEA4 and TRA-1-60; and could be differentiated into ID4+, PLZF + hSSCs. hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived hSSCs secreted AEA and 2-AG at 10^- 10 - 10^- 9 M levels. Broad expression of all ECS receptors was observed in both hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived hSSCs, with a higher CB2R expression in hSSCs in comparison to hiPSCs. CB2R agonist CB65 promoted proliferation and differentiation of hiPSCs to hiPSC-hSSCs in comparison to AEA, 2-AG, ACPA, CSP and ML184. The EC₅₀ of CB65 was determined to be 2.092 × 10^- 8 M for support of pluripotency and preservation of stemness on hiPSCs from 78 h. CB65 stimulation at EC₅₀ also increased the yield of ID4 + hSSCs, PLZF + SSPCs and SCP3 + spermatocytes from day 10 to 12.

Conclusions: We demonstrated here for the first time that stimulation of CB2R results in an increased yield of hiPSCs and hiPSC-derived hSSCs. CB65 is a potent CB2R agonist that can be used to increase the yield of hiPSC-derived hSSCs offering an alternative source of autologous male germ cells for patients with MFI. Increasing the male germ/stem cell pool by CB65 supplementation could be part of the ART-associated protocols in MFI patients with complete germ cell aplasia.