Characterization of left atrial strain in left ventricular hypertrophy: A study of Fabry disease, sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis

Abstract

Background

Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) often maintain preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in the early stages of the disease. There is a need to identify simple and reliable variables beyond left ventricular ejection fraction to recognize those at risk of developing adverse clinical outcomes.

Aims

To examine left atrial (LA) strain in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and Fabry disease (FD), pathologies known to cause LVH, and the relationship between LA strain and adverse clinical outcomes.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, LA strain was measured and compared among patients with HCM, CA and FD. Relationships between LA and left ventricular strain, and LA strain and adverse cardiovascular events were evaluated. The primary outcome was first occurrence of cardiovascular mortality, device implantation, heart failure hospitalization, new-onset atrial fibrillation or stroke.

Results

A total of 191 patients were included (24 with FD, 87 with HCM, 80 with CA). LA reservoir strain was highest in patients with HCM (26%, interquartile range [IQR] 20%, 32%), followed by those with FD (20.5%, IQR: 14%, 27.8%) and CA (11%, IQR: 7%, 18.8%) (P < 0.001). LA strain correlated well with left ventricular strain in patients with LVH, with CA showing the best correlation (r = −0.70, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: −0.80 to −0.56; P < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that LA reservoir strain was significantly associated with the primary outcome in all patients (hazard ratio: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.99; P = 0.03) and in those with CA (hazard ratio: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82 to 0.99; P = 0.023).

Conclusions

LA strain was more reduced in CA than in FD and HCM, probably as a result of atrial wall infiltration, and was associated with adverse clinical outcomes in our heterogenous LVH population and patients with CA.