Nanoparticle-based strategies with bioactive compounds for targeting oxidative stress in therapeutic interventions: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Although pharmacotherapy has shown efficacy, challenges, such as recurrence, resistance, and high mortality rates, persist. In this context, bioactive compounds have emerged as promising agents, owing to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Natural products, such as curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, luteolin, and quercetin, have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic potential. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds, emphasizing their modulation of critical signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), as well as their influence on epigenetic modifications. To overcome limitations, such as poor bioavailability and stability, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been developed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive compounds. This review highlights the types of nanoparticles utilized, their advantages, and the mechanisms through which they improve the delivery, stability, and bioactivity of antioxidants. Furthermore, the applications of these bioactive-loaded nanoparticles in managing oxidative stress-related diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders, were critically examined. By integrating insights into bioactive compounds, oxidative stress, and nanotechnology, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on innovative therapeutic approaches for combating chronic diseases.