Spectrofluorophotometric Analysis of Phytoconstituents, Biomarkers, Enzyme Kinetics and Trace Metals: A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

Spectrofluorophotometry is a highly sensitive and selective analytical technique widely employed in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental sciences. This review provides a comprehensive application for detecting and quantifying phytoconstituents, biomarkers, enzyme kinetics, and trace metals. This technique offers detection of analyte in the femtomolar (fM) range. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols were analyzed with high precision and accuracy, and the reported analytical method can be adopted for quality control analysis. Spectrofluorophotometry has been utilized to estimate biomarkers, which plays a critical role in disease diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring. It also facilitates the monitoring of enzyme kinetics, offering insights into metabolic processes and drug development. Additionally, its ability to detect trace metals through chelation and fluorescence quenching mechanisms proves vital for environmental and toxicological analysis. Despite challenges such as fluorescence quenching and environmental susceptibility, advancements in miniaturization, automation, and hybrid analytical techniques continue to enhance their capabilities. This review underscores the transformative impact of spectrofluorophotometry and its expanding role in modern analytical sciences.