Mitigating air quality and climate impact: A comprehensive analysis of paddy field burning emissions and green mechanisms for sustainable agriculture

Abstract

Paddy field burning, a common practice post-harvest to clear agricultural residues, is widespread in rice-producing regions such as Thailand and ASEAN countries. This method releases significant pollutants, including particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄), and short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) like black carbon (BC). These emissions degrade air quality, impacting human health and climate change. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of paddy field burning emissions in Thailand from 2018 to 2022, employing the ABC EIM (Atmospheric Brown Cloud Emission Inventory Manual) methodology for estimation. By integrating extensive literature data tailored to Thailand context, the study quantifies emissions to comprehend their variability and implications for climate change and air quality. Results reveal substantial emissions, particularly in central Thailand, where intensive rice cultivation occurs. For instance, average PM_2.5 emissions are estimated at 21,056 tons/year (best estimate) with a possible range of 8118 to 318,972 tons/year as low- and high-estimates, respectively. Including GHGs and SLCPs, total CO₂ equivalent emissions amount to 9,718,883 and 4,811,860 tons/year for the 20-year and 100-year time horizons, respectively, with CH₄ and BC being major contributors. To address these issues, the study proposes green mechanisms as policy recommendations. Support mechanisms such as financial incentives, particularly carbon credits that account for GHGs and include SLCPs in short-cycle crops, are crucial for assisting farmers in adopting sustainable practices in crop residue management. This analysis provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Thailand and other ASEAN countries facing similar challenges.