A Novel Fusion Framework Combining Graph Embedding Class-Based Convolutional Recurrent Attention Network with Brown Bear Optimization Algorithm for EEG-Based Parkinson’s Disease Recognition

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease recognition (PDR) involves identifying Parkinson’s disease using clinical evaluations, imaging studies, and biomarkers, focusing on early symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia to facilitate timely treatment. However, due to noise, variability, and the non-stationary nature of EEG signals, distinguishing PD remains a challenge. Traditional deep learning methods struggle to capture the intricate temporal and spatial dependencies in EEG data, limiting their precision. To address this, a novel fusion framework called graph embedding class-based convolutional recurrent attention network with Brown Bear Optimization Algorithm (GECCR2ANet + BBOA) is introduced for EEG-based PD recognition. Preprocessing is conducted using numerical operations and noise removal with weighted guided image filtering and entropy evaluation weighting (WGIF-EEW). Feature extraction is performed via the improved VGG19 with graph triple attention network (IVGG19-GTAN), which captures spatial and temporal dependencies in EEG data. The extracted features are classified using the graph embedding class-based convolutional recurrent attention network (GECCR2ANet), further optimized through the Brown Bear Optimization Algorithm (BBOA) to enhance classification accuracy. The model achieves 99.9% accuracy, 99.4% sensitivity, and a 99.3% F1-score on the UNM dataset, and 99.8% accuracy, 99.1% sensitivity, and 99.2% F1-score on the UC San Diego dataset, significantly outperforming existing methods. Additionally, it records an error rate of 0.5% and a computing time of 0.25 s. Previous models like 2D-MDAGTS, A-TQWT, and CWCNN achieved below 95% accuracy, while the proposed model’s 99.9% accuracy underscores its superior performance in real-world clinical applications, enhancing early PD detection and improving diagnostic efficiency.