Non-nystagmus hyperkinetic eye movement disorders.

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Neurological Sciences Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-13 DOI:10.1007/s10072-024-07873-2

Francesco Certo, Giulia Salvucci, Chiara Casellato, Chiara Gambini, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Tommaso Bocci, Alberto Priori

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Abstract

Background: While nystagmus is an involuntary ocular movement relatively frequent, well described, and easily recognized by most practitioners, non-nystagmus hyperkinetic eye movement disorders (NHEMD) are less obvious and can be overlooked. NHEMD may arise from intrinsic abnormalities in ocular muscles and oculomotor nerves, brain and brainstem lesions, systemic diseases, dysimmune disorders, drugs or can even be functional in nature. Given that some treatable disorders initially manifest with NHEMD, their knowledge becomes crucial.

Aims: This review aims to offer a practical and comprehensive guide to recognize specific types of NHEMD, to choose the appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments.

Results: The review approaches individual NHEMD based on the location of anatomical lesions and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms; therefore, it begins with those arising from abnormalities in extraocular muscles or oculomotor nerves (as for example, superior oblique myokymia and ocular neuromyotonia), then moves to NHEMD due to brainstem and brain involvement (as for example, ocular bobbing, opsoclonus, and tonic downward gaze deviation). Lastly, functional NHEMD and nonnystagmus ocular hyperkinesias associated with specific neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or blepharospasm will be considered.

Conclusion: Overall, the review offers a comprehensive reappraisal of hyperkinetic disorders of eye motility.

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非眼球震颤性眼球运动障碍。

背景：眼球震颤是一种相对频繁、描述良好、容易被大多数从业人员识别的不自主眼球运动，而非眼球震颤性多动眼动障碍（NHEMD）则不太明显，容易被忽视。NHEMD可能由眼肌和动眼神经的内在异常、脑和脑干病变、全身性疾病、免疫功能障碍、药物引起，甚至可能是功能性的。鉴于一些可治疗的疾病最初表现为NHEMD，他们的知识变得至关重要。目的：本综述旨在提供一个实用和全面的指南，以识别特定类型的NHEMD，选择适当的诊断检查和治疗。结果：本文基于解剖病变的位置和潜在的病理生理机制来探讨个体NHEMD；因此，它首先由眼外肌或动眼神经异常引起（如上斜肌无力和眼神经肌强直），然后由于脑干和大脑受累而发展为NHEMD（如眼球上下跳动、眼斜视和强直性向下凝视偏差）。最后，功能性NHEMD和与特定神经系统疾病相关的非眼球震颤性眼动亢进，如帕金森病或眼睑痉挛将被考虑。结论：总的来说，本综述提供了对眼动多动障碍的全面重新评价。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Neurological Sciences 医学-临床神经学

CiteScore

6.10

自引率

3.00%

发文量

743

审稿时长

4 months

期刊介绍： Neurological Sciences is intended to provide a medium for the communication of results and ideas in the field of neuroscience. The journal welcomes contributions in both the basic and clinical aspects of the neurosciences. The official language of the journal is English. Reports are published in the form of original articles, short communications, editorials, reviews and letters to the editor. Original articles present the results of experimental or clinical studies in the neurosciences, while short communications are succinct reports permitting the rapid publication of novel results. Original contributions may be submitted for the special sections History of Neurology, Health Care and Neurological Digressions - a forum for cultural topics related to the neurosciences. The journal also publishes correspondence book reviews, meeting reports and announcements.