Challenges in bird cryopreservation.

Abstract

Cryopreservation is a fundamental technique for preserving the structural and functional integrity of biological material, particularly for the conservation of genetic resources in avian species. Since its development in the 1940s, this technology has advanced significantly, although challenges persist, primarily due to the unique morphology of avian sperm, which complicates cryoprotectant penetration and increases the risk of structural damage. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for improving semen preservation, supporting the sustainability of avian species, and contributing to conservation efforts. In domestic production birds, cryopreservation is essential for maintaining genetic diversity. However, these species often exhibit low tolerance to the freezing process, primarily due to the high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in their sperm membranes, making them susceptible to oxidative damage. This has driven research aimed at developing more effective cryoprotectants and techniques to enhance semen quality post-thaw. Wild birds, particularly endangered species, face additional challenges in cryopreservation. These species are often managed in captivity to prevent extinction, with artificial insemination serving as a valuable tool. However, artificial insemination is constrained by low post-thaw motility rates, even when advanced cryoprotectants are employed. Research indicates that certain cryopreservation media can improve sperm motility and fertility rates, although further optimization of these methods is required. The future of avian semen cryopreservation will concentrate on customizing extenders and cryoprotectants, optimizing freezing techniques, and improving post-thaw semen quality. These advancements are essential for enhancing commercial poultry production and for the conservation of endangered species. Research in this area is expected to evolve over the next decade, developing effective solutions to address both commercial and conservation needs. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr25210110312.