Exploring linear and nonlinear optical properties in Yb3+ and Tm3+ doped PbO–GeO2–SiO2 glasses

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of PbO–GeO${}_2$–SiO₂ glasses doped with the rare earth elements (RE) Yb${}^{3+}$ and Tm${}^{3+}$ with varying Si concentration. Various physical parameters have been described through systematic experimentation and analysis. Among the parameters studied are Urbach energy, energy gap, third-order nonlinear susceptibility and Judd–Ofelt parameters. This research was carried out to gain a better understanding of the effect of RE doping and silicon concentration on the optical properties of these glasses, with the aim of exploring their potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics. The results showed that RE doping and variation of silicon concentration significantly affect the optical properties of the glasses.