{"title":"Hydrothermal sulfonation of palm kernel shells to produce a carbon-based solid acid catalyst for the glycerol etherification","authors":"Artit Ausavasukhi , Tawan Sooknoi","doi":"10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112217","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-based solid acid catalysts were successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal sulfonation of palm kernel shells. Among the solid acids studied, the catalysts with acidity and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance were found to be more selective and efficient catalytic systems for the conversion of glycerol to glycerol ethers. The stability of the carbon-based solid acid catalyst was confirmed by a regeneration test, which showed that no leaching of acid groups into solution occurs. In addition, the carbon-based solid acid catalyst prepared by one-step hydrothermal sulfonation at 160 °C exhibits good cyclability. The etherification of glycerol with tertiary butanol occurs in a truly heterogeneous process in the presence of such an acid carbon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11266,"journal":{"name":"Diamond and Related Materials","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 112217"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Diamond and Related Materials","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925963525002742","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/3/16 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Carbon-based solid acid catalysts were successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal sulfonation of palm kernel shells. Among the solid acids studied, the catalysts with acidity and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance were found to be more selective and efficient catalytic systems for the conversion of glycerol to glycerol ethers. The stability of the carbon-based solid acid catalyst was confirmed by a regeneration test, which showed that no leaching of acid groups into solution occurs. In addition, the carbon-based solid acid catalyst prepared by one-step hydrothermal sulfonation at 160 °C exhibits good cyclability. The etherification of glycerol with tertiary butanol occurs in a truly heterogeneous process in the presence of such an acid carbon.
期刊介绍：
DRM is a leading international journal that publishes new fundamental and applied research on all forms of diamond, the integration of diamond with other advanced materials and development of technologies exploiting diamond. The synthesis, characterization and processing of single crystal diamond, polycrystalline films, nanodiamond powders and heterostructures with other advanced materials are encouraged topics for technical and review articles. In addition to diamond, the journal publishes manuscripts on the synthesis, characterization and application of other related materials including diamond-like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and boron and carbon nitrides. Articles are sought on the chemical functionalization of diamond and related materials as well as their use in electrochemistry, energy storage and conversion, chemical and biological sensing, imaging, thermal management, photonic and quantum applications, electron emission and electronic devices.
The International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials has evolved into the largest and most well attended forum in the field of diamond, providing a forum to showcase the latest results in the science and technology of diamond and other carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and diamond-like carbon. Run annually in association with Diamond and Related Materials the conference provides junior and established researchers the opportunity to exchange the latest results ranging from fundamental physical and chemical concepts to applied research focusing on the next generation carbon-based devices.
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