Next-generation bioinspired 2D-MXene devices for cardiovascular disease diagnosis: A state-of-the-art review on materials interface and critical challenges

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), encompassing various metabolic disorders, are considered to be one of the leading global diseases. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has received special attention due to its higher fatality rates, which is regarded as one of the significant CVDs. Hence, there is a huge demand for developing a low-cost diagnostic technique (biosensors) to identify CVDs effectively at premature stages. In this context, various biomaterials have been explored towards the development of CVD biosensors. MXene, being one of the functional next-generation 2D-nanomaterials, finds its potential in diverse healthcare applications because of its superior characteristics. However, in the context of CVD biosensors, MXenes have been finding their significance, and they are yet to be explored in developing point-of-care (PoC) devices. With this motivation, this state-of-the-art comprehensive review has been compiled for the first time, emphasising the background of MXene-based biosensing techniques utilized in CVD diagnosis and treatments. Versatile MXene-based CVD biosensing technologies such as electrochemical (probing of blood biomarkers), electromechanical, Immunochromatographic test strips (ITS), conductive/tissue-engineered cardiac patches, piezoresistive polymer-based strain sensors, heart-on-a-chip/organ-on-a chip microdevices in diagnosis and treatment of CVDs have been spotlighted in this review article. The rationale of MXene and its associated mechanisms are highlighted in this review, along with the critical challenges and perspectives. Further, this review article encourages a broad readership and paves the way forward for developing next-generation PoC devices with bio-inspired MXenes.