3D interpenetrated covalent organic frameworks

Abstract

Interpenetration is a common phenomenon existed in porous crystalline materials like covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Although the development of COFs has made prosperous achievements during past years, the interpenetration phenomenon has still been paid less attention in this field. In view of this, this review will summarize the recent progress of interpenetrated phenomenon in 3D COFs, including their types, syntheses and related applications. It aims to summarize the strategies to control the interpenetration degree in 3D COFs. In comparison to 2D COFs and 3D non-interpenetrated COFs, characteristics of 3D interpenetrated COFs with different interpenetration degrees are comprehensively compiled, with a focus on topological structure and, in particular, on the applications of 3D interpenetrated COFs in different aspects. We also navigate through the challenges and opportunities of the interpenetrated phenomenon in 3D COFs. Overall, this review aims to deliver new guidance for the future advancement of 3D interpenetrated COFs.