{"title":"Design of an optical NOR logic gate with high contrast ratio and low detection error on silicon substrate","authors":"Pouya Karami, Fariborz Parandin","doi":"10.1007/s11082-025-08131-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The NOR gate is widely used in digital circuits that can be used to design logic circuits. In this research, an optical NOR gate has been designed and simulated using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. Most of the work that has been done so far to design logic gates in photonic crystal substrates has used a photonic crystal lattice, including rods in air. In this research, the photonic crystal structure includes holes in the silicon substrate, which is easier to design during fabrication. One of the characteristics of the proposed NOR gate is its simple structure and strong values of 0 and 1, which increase the contrast ratio of the gate (CR = 9.39dB). In other words, the error in detecting high and low values is reduced.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"57 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11082-025-08131-1","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The NOR gate is widely used in digital circuits that can be used to design logic circuits. In this research, an optical NOR gate has been designed and simulated using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. Most of the work that has been done so far to design logic gates in photonic crystal substrates has used a photonic crystal lattice, including rods in air. In this research, the photonic crystal structure includes holes in the silicon substrate, which is easier to design during fabrication. One of the characteristics of the proposed NOR gate is its simple structure and strong values of 0 and 1, which increase the contrast ratio of the gate (CR = 9.39dB). In other words, the error in detecting high and low values is reduced.
期刊介绍：
Optical and Quantum Electronics provides an international forum for the publication of original research papers, tutorial reviews and letters in such fields as optical physics, optical engineering and optoelectronics. Special issues are published on topics of current interest.
Optical and Quantum Electronics is published monthly. It is concerned with the technology and physics of optical systems, components and devices, i.e., with topics such as: optical fibres; semiconductor lasers and LEDs; light detection and imaging devices; nanophotonics; photonic integration and optoelectronic integrated circuits; silicon photonics; displays; optical communications from devices to systems; materials for photonics (e.g. semiconductors, glasses, graphene); the physics and simulation of optical devices and systems; nanotechnologies in photonics (including engineered nano-structures such as photonic crystals, sub-wavelength photonic structures, metamaterials, and plasmonics); advanced quantum and optoelectronic applications (e.g. quantum computing, memory and communications, quantum sensing and quantum dots); photonic sensors and bio-sensors; Terahertz phenomena; non-linear optics and ultrafast phenomena; green photonics.
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