{"title":"Correlation between key indicators of continuous glucose monitoring and the risk of diabetic foot.","authors":"Xin-Qian Geng, Shun-Fang Chen, Fei-Ying Wang, Hui-Jun Yang, Yun-Li Zhao, Zhang-Rong Xu, Ying Yang","doi":"10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.99277","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, such as time in range (TIR) and glycemic risk index (GRI), have been linked to various diabetes-related complications, including diabetic foot (DF).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the association between CGM-derived indicators and the risk of DF in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 591 individuals with T2DM (297 with DF and 294 without DF) were enrolled. Relevant clinical data, complications, comorbidities, hematological parameters, and 72-hour CGM data were collected. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between these measurements and the risk of DF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals with DF exhibited higher mean blood glucose (MBG) levels and increased proportions of time above range (TAR), TAR level 1, and TAR level 2, but lower TIR (all <i>P</i> < 0.001). Patients with DF had significantly lower rates of achieving target ranges for TIR, TAR, and TAR level 2 than those without DF (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that GRI, MBG, and TAR level 1 were positively associated with DF risk, while TIR was inversely correlated (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). Achieving TIR and TAR was inversely correlated with white blood cell count and glycated hemoglobin A1c levels (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Additionally, achieving TAR was influenced by fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, diabetes duration, and antidiabetic medication use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CGM metrics, particularly TIR and GRI, are significantly associated with the risk of DF in T2DM, emphasizing the importance of improved glucose control.</p>","PeriodicalId":48607,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Diabetes","volume":"16 3","pages":"99277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11885981/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"World Journal of Diabetes","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i3.99277","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, such as time in range (TIR) and glycemic risk index (GRI), have been linked to various diabetes-related complications, including diabetic foot (DF).
Aim: To investigate the association between CGM-derived indicators and the risk of DF in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods: A total of 591 individuals with T2DM (297 with DF and 294 without DF) were enrolled. Relevant clinical data, complications, comorbidities, hematological parameters, and 72-hour CGM data were collected. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between these measurements and the risk of DF.
Results: Individuals with DF exhibited higher mean blood glucose (MBG) levels and increased proportions of time above range (TAR), TAR level 1, and TAR level 2, but lower TIR (all P < 0.001). Patients with DF had significantly lower rates of achieving target ranges for TIR, TAR, and TAR level 2 than those without DF (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that GRI, MBG, and TAR level 1 were positively associated with DF risk, while TIR was inversely correlated (all P < 0.05). Achieving TIR and TAR was inversely correlated with white blood cell count and glycated hemoglobin A1c levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, achieving TAR was influenced by fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, diabetes duration, and antidiabetic medication use.
Conclusion: CGM metrics, particularly TIR and GRI, are significantly associated with the risk of DF in T2DM, emphasizing the importance of improved glucose control.
期刊介绍：
The WJD is a high-quality, peer reviewed, open-access journal. The primary task of WJD is to rapidly publish high-quality original articles, reviews, editorials, and case reports in the field of diabetes. In order to promote productive academic communication, the peer review process for the WJD is transparent; to this end, all published manuscripts are accompanied by the anonymized reviewers’ comments as well as the authors’ responses. The primary aims of the WJD are to improve diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive modalities and the skills of clinicians and to guide clinical practice in diabetes. Scope: Diabetes Complications, Experimental Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes, Gestational, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diabetic Cardiomyopathies, Diabetic Coma, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diabetic Nephropathies, Diabetic Neuropathies, Donohue Syndrome, Fetal Macrosomia, and Prediabetic State.
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