A Literature Review on Whether Immobilization of the Shoulder in External Rotation Improves Healing and Prevents the Recurrence of Acute Shoulder Dislocations.

Abstract

Shoulder dislocations are one of the most frequent joint dislocations, with recurrent dislocations being a common complication. Common practice is to immobilize the shoulder in internal rotation for two to three weeks following closed reduction. However, recent literature suggests immobilization in external rotation can be an alternative management strategy. External rotation braces have been manufactured over the years to support and maintain this position. This literature review aims to gather current evidence on the conservative management of primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations and compare the immobilization of the shoulder joint in internal and external rotation. A literature search and review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Key phrases and words that were used in the search engines included "shoulder immobilization" AND "external rotation", "anterior shoulder dislocation immobilization" AND "external rotation", "reduced recurrence rate of shoulder dislocation" AND "external rotation", "external rotation immobilization" AND "Bankart lesion" and "internal versus external rotation" AND "shoulder dislocation". The reviewed articles included were dated from 2014 to 2024 but additional valuable studies dating earlier than 2014 were also included to provide a foundation of understanding to this review. Included were nine clinical studies and randomized controlled trials, three cadaveric studies, eight studies focusing on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) or arthroscopy, and seven systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Research revealed improved coaptation of the labrum on the glenoid rim in external rotation not only in cadavers but also in patients with the aid of various imaging techniques. However, these findings were not consistently observed when translated into clinical trials. Based on the available data presented in this literature review, there remains a deficiency in evidence to exclusively support the use of external rotation immobilization over conventional internal rotation immobilization after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations. External rotation immobilization may benefit a specific population, particularly those that fall in the 20-40-year-old age group, with a specific injury pattern, such as Bankart lesions and greater tuberosity fractures; therefore, further studies are required to determine who will benefit the most from such interventions.