Insights into the mechanism of 3d transition-metal-catalyzed directed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions

Abstract

The growing interest in the catalytic activity of earth-abundant 3d transition-metals has led to the development of new and more sustainable methods for C–H bond functionalization reactions. However, this is an emerging field which involves considerable mechanistic complexity as the mode of action of 3d transition metals differs markedly from the well-studied mechanisms of precious metals. In this review, we present an overview of the research efforts in Ni-, Cu-, Fe- and Co-catalyzed directed C(sp³)–H bond functionalization reactions, covering design principles and mechanistic discussions, along with potential applications and limitations. To conclude, the unresolved challenges and future viewpoints are highlighted. We aspire for this review to serve as a relevant and valuable reference for researchers in this swiftly progressing field, helping to inspire the development of more original and innovative strategies.