We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of Chemical Society Reviews' reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for Chemical Society Reviews in 2023.
{"title":"Outstanding Reviewers for <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i> in 2023.","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/d4cs90046d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs90046d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>' reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i> in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica C Hsu, Peng Liu, Yangmeihui Song, Wenyu Song, Rachel J Saladin, Ying Peng, Shuo Hu, Xiaoli Lan, Weibo Cai
Nanomaterials exhibit significant potential for stimulating immune responses, offering both local and systemic modulation across a variety of diseases. The lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are home to various immune cells, including monocytes and dendritic cells, which contribute to both the progression and prevention/treatment of diseases. Consequently, many nanomaterial formulations are being rationally designed to target these organs and engage with specific cell types, thereby inducing therapeutic and protective effects. In this review, we explore crucial cellular interactions and processes involved in immune regulation and highlight innovative nano-based immunomodulatory approaches. We outline essential considerations in nanomaterial design with an emphasis on their impact on biological interactions, targeting capabilities, and treatment efficacy. Through selected examples, we illustrate the strategic targeting of therapeutically active nanomaterials to lymphoid organs and the subsequent immunomodulation for infection resistance, inflammation suppression, self-antigen tolerance, and cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we address current challenges, discuss emerging topics, and share our outlook on future developments in the field.
{"title":"Lymphoid organ-targeted nanomaterials for immunomodulation of cancer, inflammation, and beyond.","authors":"Jessica C Hsu, Peng Liu, Yangmeihui Song, Wenyu Song, Rachel J Saladin, Ying Peng, Shuo Hu, Xiaoli Lan, Weibo Cai","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00421c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00421c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanomaterials exhibit significant potential for stimulating immune responses, offering both local and systemic modulation across a variety of diseases. The lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are home to various immune cells, including monocytes and dendritic cells, which contribute to both the progression and prevention/treatment of diseases. Consequently, many nanomaterial formulations are being rationally designed to target these organs and engage with specific cell types, thereby inducing therapeutic and protective effects. In this review, we explore crucial cellular interactions and processes involved in immune regulation and highlight innovative nano-based immunomodulatory approaches. We outline essential considerations in nanomaterial design with an emphasis on their impact on biological interactions, targeting capabilities, and treatment efficacy. Through selected examples, we illustrate the strategic targeting of therapeutically active nanomaterials to lymphoid organs and the subsequent immunomodulation for infection resistance, inflammation suppression, self-antigen tolerance, and cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we address current challenges, discuss emerging topics, and share our outlook on future developments in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.
{"title":"Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices","authors":"Yu Ding, Sixing Xiong, Lulu Sun, Yiying Wang, Yinhua Zhou, Yaowen Li, Jun Peng, Kenjiro Fukuda, Takao Someya, Ruiyuan Liu, Xiaohong Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00080c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00080c","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of biomaterials such as cells or tissues can be used to obtain biochemical information from nanoscopic volumes in these heterogeneous samples. This tutorial review discusses the factors that determine the outcome of a SERS experiment in complex bioorganic samples. They are related to the SERS process itself, the possibility to selectively probe certain regions or constituents of a sample, and the retrieval of the vibrational information in order to identify molecules and their interaction. After introducing basic aspects of SERS experiments in the context of biocompatible environments, spectroscopy in typical microscopic settings is exemplified, including the possibilities to combine SERS with other linear and non-linear microscopic tools, and to exploit approaches that improve lateral and temporal resolution. In particular the great variation of data in a SERS experiment calls for robust data analysis tools. Approaches will be introduced that have been originally developed in the field of bioinformatics for the application to omics data and that show specific potential in the analysis of SERS data. They include the use of simulated data and machine learning tools that can yield chemical information beyond achieving spectral classification.
{"title":"SERS microscopy as a tool for comprehensive biochemical characterization in complex samples.","authors":"Janina Kneipp, Stephan Seifert, Florian Gärber","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00460d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00460d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of biomaterials such as cells or tissues can be used to obtain biochemical information from nanoscopic volumes in these heterogeneous samples. This tutorial review discusses the factors that determine the outcome of a SERS experiment in complex bioorganic samples. They are related to the SERS process itself, the possibility to selectively probe certain regions or constituents of a sample, and the retrieval of the vibrational information in order to identify molecules and their interaction. After introducing basic aspects of SERS experiments in the context of biocompatible environments, spectroscopy in typical microscopic settings is exemplified, including the possibilities to combine SERS with other linear and non-linear microscopic tools, and to exploit approaches that improve lateral and temporal resolution. In particular the great variation of data in a SERS experiment calls for robust data analysis tools. Approaches will be introduced that have been originally developed in the field of bioinformatics for the application to omics data and that show specific potential in the analysis of SERS data. They include the use of simulated data and machine learning tools that can yield chemical information beyond achieving spectral classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saudagar Dongare, Muhammad Zeeshan, Ahmet Safa Aydogdu, Ruth Dikki, Samira F Kurtoğlu-Öztulum, Oguz Kagan Coskun, Miguel Muñoz, Avishek Banerjee, Manu Gautam, R Dominic Ross, Jared S Stanley, Rowan S Brower, Baleeswaraiah Muchharla, Robert L Sacci, Jesús M Velázquez, Bijandra Kumar, Jenny Y Yang, Christopher Hahn, Seda Keskin, Carlos G Morales-Guio, Alper Uzun, Joshua M Spurgeon, Burcu Gurkan
Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have tremendous potential for reactive capture and conversion (RCC) of CO2 due to their wide electrochemical stability window, low volatility, and high CO2 solubility. There is environmental and economic interest in the direct utilization of the captured CO2 using electrified and modular processes that forgo the thermal- or pressure-swing regeneration steps to concentrate CO2, eliminating the need to compress, transport, or store the gas. The conventional electrochemical conversion of CO2 with aqueous electrolytes presents limited CO2 solubility and high energy requirement to achieve industrially relevant products. Additionally, aqueous systems have competitive hydrogen evolution. In the past decade, there has been significant progress toward the design of ILs and DESs, and their composites to separate CO2 from dilute streams. In parallel, but not necessarily in synergy, there have been studies focused on a few select ILs and DESs for electrochemical reduction of CO2, often diluting them with aqueous or non-aqueous solvents. The resulting electrode-electrolyte interfaces present a complex speciation for RCC. In this review, we describe how the ILs and DESs are tuned for RCC and specifically address the CO2 chemisorption and electroreduction mechanisms. Critical bulk and interfacial properties of ILs and DESs are discussed in the context of RCC, and the potential of these electrolytes are presented through a techno-economic evaluation.
离子液体(IL)和深共晶溶剂(DES)具有电化学稳定性窗口宽、挥发性低和二氧化碳溶解度高等特点,因此在二氧化碳的反应捕集与转化(RCC)方面具有巨大的潜力。利用电气化和模块化工艺直接利用捕获的二氧化碳,无需热再生或压力再生步骤来浓缩二氧化碳,从而消除了压缩、运输或储存气体的需要,这在环境和经济方面都很有意义。使用水性电解质进行二氧化碳的传统电化学转化过程中,二氧化碳的溶解度有限,且需要较高的能量才能生产出与工业相关的产品。此外,水性系统具有竞争性氢进化。在过去的十年中,ILs 和 DESs 及其复合材料的设计取得了重大进展,可以从稀释气流中分离出 CO2。与此同时,但不一定是协同作用的研究也集中在少数几种用于电化学还原 CO2 的 IL 和 DES 上,通常使用水性或非水性溶剂对其进行稀释。由此产生的电解质-电解质界面呈现出 RCC 的复杂形态。在本综述中,我们将介绍如何针对 RCC 对 IL 和 DES 进行调整,并特别讨论二氧化碳的化学吸附和电还原机制。在 RCC 的背景下讨论了 ILs 和 DESs 的关键块体和界面特性,并通过技术经济评价介绍了这些电解质的潜力。
{"title":"Reactive capture and electrochemical conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents.","authors":"Saudagar Dongare, Muhammad Zeeshan, Ahmet Safa Aydogdu, Ruth Dikki, Samira F Kurtoğlu-Öztulum, Oguz Kagan Coskun, Miguel Muñoz, Avishek Banerjee, Manu Gautam, R Dominic Ross, Jared S Stanley, Rowan S Brower, Baleeswaraiah Muchharla, Robert L Sacci, Jesús M Velázquez, Bijandra Kumar, Jenny Y Yang, Christopher Hahn, Seda Keskin, Carlos G Morales-Guio, Alper Uzun, Joshua M Spurgeon, Burcu Gurkan","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00390j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00390j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have tremendous potential for reactive capture and conversion (RCC) of CO<sub>2</sub> due to their wide electrochemical stability window, low volatility, and high CO<sub>2</sub> solubility. There is environmental and economic interest in the direct utilization of the captured CO<sub>2</sub> using electrified and modular processes that forgo the thermal- or pressure-swing regeneration steps to concentrate CO<sub>2</sub>, eliminating the need to compress, transport, or store the gas. The conventional electrochemical conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> with aqueous electrolytes presents limited CO<sub>2</sub> solubility and high energy requirement to achieve industrially relevant products. Additionally, aqueous systems have competitive hydrogen evolution. In the past decade, there has been significant progress toward the design of ILs and DESs, and their composites to separate CO<sub>2</sub> from dilute streams. In parallel, but not necessarily in synergy, there have been studies focused on a few select ILs and DESs for electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub>, often diluting them with aqueous or non-aqueous solvents. The resulting electrode-electrolyte interfaces present a complex speciation for RCC. In this review, we describe how the ILs and DESs are tuned for RCC and specifically address the CO<sub>2</sub> chemisorption and electroreduction mechanisms. Critical bulk and interfacial properties of ILs and DESs are discussed in the context of RCC, and the potential of these electrolytes are presented through a techno-economic evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silin Xu, Kai-Cheng Yan, Zhi-Hong Xu, Yuan Wang, Tony D James
The Golgi apparatus is an essential organelle constructed by the stacking of flattened vesicles, that is widely distributed in eukaryotic cells and is dynamically regulated during cell cycles. It is a central station which is responsible for collecting, processing, sorting, transporting, and secreting some important proteins/enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to intra- and extra-cellular destinations. Golgi-specific fluorescent probes provide powerful non-invasive tools for the real-time and in situ visualization of the temporal and spatial fluctuations of bioactive species. Over recent years, more and more Golgi-targeting probes have been developed, which are essential for the evaluation of diseases including cancer. However, when compared with systems that target other important organelles (e.g. lysosomes and mitochondria), Golgi-targeting strategies are still in their infancy, therefore it is important to develop more Golgi-targeting probes. This review systematically summarizes the currently reported Golgi-specific fluorescent probes, and highlights the design strategies, mechanisms, and biological uses of these probes, we have structured the review based on the different targeting groups. In addition, we highlight the future challenges and opportunities in the development of Golgi-specific imaging agents and therapeutic systems.
{"title":"Fluorescent probes for targeting the Golgi apparatus: design strategies and applications.","authors":"Silin Xu, Kai-Cheng Yan, Zhi-Hong Xu, Yuan Wang, Tony D James","doi":"10.1039/d3cs00171g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00171g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Golgi apparatus is an essential organelle constructed by the stacking of flattened vesicles, that is widely distributed in eukaryotic cells and is dynamically regulated during cell cycles. It is a central station which is responsible for collecting, processing, sorting, transporting, and secreting some important proteins/enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to intra- and extra-cellular destinations. Golgi-specific fluorescent probes provide powerful non-invasive tools for the real-time and <i>in situ</i> visualization of the temporal and spatial fluctuations of bioactive species. Over recent years, more and more Golgi-targeting probes have been developed, which are essential for the evaluation of diseases including cancer. However, when compared with systems that target other important organelles (<i>e.g.</i> lysosomes and mitochondria), Golgi-targeting strategies are still in their infancy, therefore it is important to develop more Golgi-targeting probes. This review systematically summarizes the currently reported Golgi-specific fluorescent probes, and highlights the design strategies, mechanisms, and biological uses of these probes, we have structured the review based on the different targeting groups. In addition, we highlight the future challenges and opportunities in the development of Golgi-specific imaging agents and therapeutic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal-catalyzed highly Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes provides a straightforward and atom-economical route to access 1,1-disubstituted alkenes, which have a wide range of applications in organic synthesis. However, the highly Markovnikov-type selective transformations are challenging due to the electronic and steric effects during the addition process. With the development of metal-catalyzed organic synthesis, different metal catalysts have been developed to solve this challenge, especially for platinum group metal catalysts. In this perspective, we review homogeneous metal-catalyzed Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes according to the classified element types as well as reaction mechanisms. Future avenues for investigation are also presented to help expand this exciting field.
{"title":"Metal-catalyzed Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes.","authors":"Jieping Chen, Wen-Ting Wei, Zhuocheng Li, Zhan Lu","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00167b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00167b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metal-catalyzed highly Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes provides a straightforward and atom-economical route to access 1,1-disubstituted alkenes, which have a wide range of applications in organic synthesis. However, the highly Markovnikov-type selective transformations are challenging due to the electronic and steric effects during the addition process. With the development of metal-catalyzed organic synthesis, different metal catalysts have been developed to solve this challenge, especially for platinum group metal catalysts. In this perspective, we review homogeneous metal-catalyzed Markovnikov-type selective hydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes according to the classified element types as well as reaction mechanisms. Future avenues for investigation are also presented to help expand this exciting field.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aqueous Zn-metal batteries have attracted increasing interest for large-scale energy storage owing to their outstanding merits in terms of safety, cost and production. However, they constantly suffer from inadequate energy density and poor cycling stability due to the presence of zinc ions in the fully hydrated solvation state. Thus, designing the dehydrated solvation structure of zinc ions can effectively address the current drawbacks of aqueous Zn-metal batteries. In this case, considering the lack of studies focused on strategies for the dehydration of zinc ions, herein, we present a systematic and comprehensive review to deepen the understanding of zinc-ion solvation regulation. Two fundamental design principles of component regulation and pre-desolvation are summarized in terms of solvation environment formation and interfacial desolvation behavior. Subsequently, specific strategy based distinct principles are carefully discussed, including preparation methods, working mechanisms, analysis approaches and performance improvements. Finally, we present a general summary of the issues addressed using zinc-ion dehydration strategies, and four critical aspects to promote zinc-ion solvation regulation are presented as an outlook, involving updating (de)solvation theories, revealing interfacial evolution, enhancing analysis techniques and developing functional materials. We believe that this review will not only stimulate more creativity in optimizing aqueous electrolytes but also provide valuable insights into designing other battery systems.
{"title":"Recent advances in zinc-ion dehydration strategies for optimized Zn-metal batteries.","authors":"Haoyu Li, Sijie Li, Ruilin Hou, Yuan Rao, Shaohua Guo, Zhi Chang, Haoshen Zhou","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00343h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00343h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aqueous Zn-metal batteries have attracted increasing interest for large-scale energy storage owing to their outstanding merits in terms of safety, cost and production. However, they constantly suffer from inadequate energy density and poor cycling stability due to the presence of zinc ions in the fully hydrated solvation state. Thus, designing the dehydrated solvation structure of zinc ions can effectively address the current drawbacks of aqueous Zn-metal batteries. In this case, considering the lack of studies focused on strategies for the dehydration of zinc ions, herein, we present a systematic and comprehensive review to deepen the understanding of zinc-ion solvation regulation. Two fundamental design principles of component regulation and pre-desolvation are summarized in terms of solvation environment formation and interfacial desolvation behavior. Subsequently, specific strategy based distinct principles are carefully discussed, including preparation methods, working mechanisms, analysis approaches and performance improvements. Finally, we present a general summary of the issues addressed using zinc-ion dehydration strategies, and four critical aspects to promote zinc-ion solvation regulation are presented as an outlook, involving updating (de)solvation theories, revealing interfacial evolution, enhancing analysis techniques and developing functional materials. We believe that this review will not only stimulate more creativity in optimizing aqueous electrolytes but also provide valuable insights into designing other battery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global population growth and industrialization have exacerbated the nonrenewable energy crises and environmental issues, thereby stimulating an enormous demand for producing environmentally friendly materials. Typically, biomass-based aerogels (BAs), which are mainly composed of biomass materials, show great application prospects in various fields because of their exceptional properties such as biocompatibility, degradability, and renewability. To improve the performance of BAs to meet the usage requirements of different scenarios, a large number of innovative works in the past few decades have emphasized the importance of micro-structural design in regulating macroscopic functions. Inspired by the ubiquitous random or regularly arranged structures of materials in nature ranging from micro to meso and macro scales, constructing different microstructures often corresponds to completely different functions even with similar biomolecular compositions. This review focuses on the preparation process, design concepts, regulation methods, and the synergistic combination of chemical compositions and microstructures of BAs with different porous structures from the perspective of gel skeleton and pore structure. It not only comprehensively introduces the effect of various microstructures on the physical properties of BAs, but also analyzes their potential applications in the corresponding fields of thermal management, water treatment, atmospheric water harvesting, CO2 absorption, energy storage and conversion, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, biological applications, etc. Finally, we provide our perspectives regarding the challenges and future opportunities of BAs. Overall, our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of the relationship between the microstructures and properties of BAs, supported by a comprehensive analysis of the available data.
全球人口增长和工业化加剧了不可再生能源危机和环境问题,从而激发了对生产环保材料的巨大需求。通常,以生物质材料为主要成分的生物质气凝胶(BAs)因其生物相容性、可降解性和可再生性等优异特性,在各个领域都显示出巨大的应用前景。为了提高生物质吸附剂的性能以满足不同应用场景的使用要求,过去几十年来,大量创新工作都强调了微观结构设计在调节宏观功能方面的重要性。受自然界从微观到中观和宏观尺度无处不在的随机或规则排列材料结构的启发,即使生物分子组成相似,构建不同的微观结构往往对应着完全不同的功能。本综述从凝胶骨架和孔隙结构的角度,重点介绍了具有不同多孔结构的生物碱的制备过程、设计理念、调控方法以及化学成分与微结构的协同组合。不仅全面介绍了各种微结构对 BA 物理性质的影响,还分析了 BA 在热管理、水处理、大气水收集、二氧化碳吸收、能量存储和转换、电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽、生物应用等相应领域的潜在应用。最后,我们就生物曝气阱面临的挑战和未来的机遇提出了自己的看法。总之,我们的目标是通过对现有数据的全面分析,让研究人员透彻地了解 BA 的微观结构与性能之间的关系。
{"title":"Renewable biomass-based aerogels: from structural design to functional regulation.","authors":"Linfeng Chen, Xiaoxiao Yu, Mengyue Gao, Chengjian Xu, Junyan Zhang, Xinhai Zhang, Meifang Zhu, Yanhua Cheng","doi":"10.1039/d3cs01014g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs01014g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global population growth and industrialization have exacerbated the nonrenewable energy crises and environmental issues, thereby stimulating an enormous demand for producing environmentally friendly materials. Typically, biomass-based aerogels (BAs), which are mainly composed of biomass materials, show great application prospects in various fields because of their exceptional properties such as biocompatibility, degradability, and renewability. To improve the performance of BAs to meet the usage requirements of different scenarios, a large number of innovative works in the past few decades have emphasized the importance of micro-structural design in regulating macroscopic functions. Inspired by the ubiquitous random or regularly arranged structures of materials in nature ranging from micro to meso and macro scales, constructing different microstructures often corresponds to completely different functions even with similar biomolecular compositions. This review focuses on the preparation process, design concepts, regulation methods, and the synergistic combination of chemical compositions and microstructures of BAs with different porous structures from the perspective of gel skeleton and pore structure. It not only comprehensively introduces the effect of various microstructures on the physical properties of BAs, but also analyzes their potential applications in the corresponding fields of thermal management, water treatment, atmospheric water harvesting, CO<sub>2</sub> absorption, energy storage and conversion, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, biological applications, <i>etc.</i> Finally, we provide our perspectives regarding the challenges and future opportunities of BAs. Overall, our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of the relationship between the microstructures and properties of BAs, supported by a comprehensive analysis of the available data.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141416704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently seen significant advancements. Large quantities of structurally & functionally oriented COFs with a wide range of applications, such as gas adsorption, catalysis, separation, and drug delivery, have been explored. Recent achievements in this field are primarily focused on advancing synthetic methodologies, with catalysts playing a crucial role in achieving highly crystalline COF materials, particularly those featuring novel linkages and chemistry. A series of reviews have already been published over the last decade, covering the fundamentals, synthesis, and applications of COFs. However, despite the pivotal role that catalysts and auxiliaries play in forming COF materials and adjusting their properties (e.g., crystallinity, porosity, stability, and morphology), limited attention has been devoted to these essential components. In this Critical Review, we mainly focus on the state-of-the-art progress of catalysts and auxiliaries applied to the synthesis of COFs. The catalysts include four categories: acid catalysts, base catalysts, transition-metal catalysts, and other catalysts. The auxiliaries, such as modulators, oxygen, and surfactants, are discussed as well. This is then followed by the description of several specific applications derived from the utilization of catalysts and auxiliaries. Lastly, a perspective on the major challenges and opportunities associated with catalysts and auxiliaries is provided.
{"title":"The development of catalysts and auxiliaries for the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks.","authors":"Wei Zhao, Qiang Zhu, Xiaofeng Wu, Dan Zhao","doi":"10.1039/d3cs00908d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00908d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently seen significant advancements. Large quantities of structurally & functionally oriented COFs with a wide range of applications, such as gas adsorption, catalysis, separation, and drug delivery, have been explored. Recent achievements in this field are primarily focused on advancing synthetic methodologies, with catalysts playing a crucial role in achieving highly crystalline COF materials, particularly those featuring novel linkages and chemistry. A series of reviews have already been published over the last decade, covering the fundamentals, synthesis, and applications of COFs. However, despite the pivotal role that catalysts and auxiliaries play in forming COF materials and adjusting their properties (<i>e.g.</i>, crystallinity, porosity, stability, and morphology), limited attention has been devoted to these essential components. In this Critical Review, we mainly focus on the state-of-the-art progress of catalysts and auxiliaries applied to the synthesis of COFs. The catalysts include four categories: acid catalysts, base catalysts, transition-metal catalysts, and other catalysts. The auxiliaries, such as modulators, oxygen, and surfactants, are discussed as well. This is then followed by the description of several specific applications derived from the utilization of catalysts and auxiliaries. Lastly, a perspective on the major challenges and opportunities associated with catalysts and auxiliaries is provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141416639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}